scholarly journals Experimental Inoculation of Conventional Pigs with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Porcine Circovirus 2

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 3232-3239 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rovira ◽  
M. Balasch ◽  
J. Segalés ◽  
L. García ◽  
J. Plana-Durán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Severe Respiratory Distress ◽  
Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2 ◽  
Taqman Pcr

ABSTRACT Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is a disease of nursery and fattening pigs characterized by growth retardation, paleness of the skin, dyspnea, and increased mortality rates. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been demonstrated to be the cause of PMWS. However, other factors are needed for full development of the syndrome, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection has been suggested to be one of them. Twenty-four conventional 5-week-old pigs were distributed in four groups: control (n = 5), PRRSV inoculated (n = 5), PCV2 inoculated (n = 7), and PRRSV and PCV2 inoculated (n = 7). The two groups inoculated with PRRSV showed growth retardation. Pigs inoculated with both PRRSV and PCV2 had increased rectal temperature. One of these pigs developed wasting, had severe respiratory distress, and died. The most important microscopic lesion in pigs inoculated with PCV2 was lymphocyte depletion with histiocytic infiltration of the lymphoid organs, more severe and in a wider range of tissues in doubly inoculated pigs. Interstitial pneumonia was observed in the three inoculated groups. PCV2 nucleic acid was found by in situ hybridization in larger amounts and in a wider range of lymphoid tissues in PRRSV- and PCV2-inoculated than in PCV2-inoculated pigs. TaqMan PCR was performed to quantify the PCV2 loads in serum during the experiment. PCV2 loads were higher in doubly inoculated pigs than in pigs inoculated with PCV2 alone. These findings indicate that severe disease can be reproduced in conventional 5-week-old pigs by inoculation of PRRSV and PCV2. Moreover, these results support the hypothesis that PRRSV infection enhances PCV2 replication.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Porcine Circovirus-2 in Domestic Pigs (Sus Scrofa Domestica) in Latvia

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-289
Author(s):  
Inga Pigiņka-Vjačeslavova ◽  
Edīte Birģele ◽  
Žanete Šteingolde
Keyword(s):  
Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2 ◽  
Sus Scrofa Domestica ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Primary Agent

Abstract Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2) is the primary agent of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS), and is associated with Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease, which causes great economic losses in pig breeding. PCV2 infection is distributed worldwide throughout the domestic pig population. There have not been any investigations on the distribution of PCV2 sero-prevalence in the population of pigs in Latvia. However PCV2 is one of main differential infections for many diseases, and therefore it is very variable in clinical presentation of PMWS and other diseases associated with PCV2. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of PCV2 in pigs of different-scale farms located in different regions of Latvia. Blood samples of 963 pigs from 58 different-scale farms were examined for the PCV2 antibody from 2006 to 2016. It can be suggested that PCV2 is widespread within the territory of Latvia. Farms with pig number of up to 10 and farms with more than 5000 animals have different levels of biosafety, housing conditions and herd management. Nevertheless, the study showed that the number of PCV2-seropositive animals is similar in all farms (from 70.0% to 79.7%).

Distribution of porcine circovirus 2 cap antigen in the lymphoid tissue of pigs affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsolt Becskei ◽  
Sanja Aleksić-Kovačević ◽  
Miklós Rusvai ◽  
Gyula Balka ◽  
Csaba Jakab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue ◽  
Lymphocyte Depletion ◽  
Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2

The lymphatic organs of 50 pigs from a total of eight farms located at different sites in the epizootiological region of North Bačka County were studied to obtain data on the prevalence of circoviral infections in Serbia. All of the pigs examined had clinical signs suggestive of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). All pigs underwent necropsy and tissue samples were taken for histopathological, immunohistochemical (IHC) and PCR analysis. The presence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was established by PCR analysis in the organs of the pigs tested. The most frequent histopathological lesions of lymphoid tissue linked with the presence of positive immunostaining for PCV2 Cap antigen confirmed the existence of PMWS in all farms tested in North Bačka County. Using PCR, histopathological and IHC techniques, the presence of PMWS was proved in the Republic of Serbia. During necropsy, generalised enlargement of the lymph nodes was evident. The most common histopathological finding was lymphocyte depletion in the follicular and perifollicular areas of lymph nodes. Infiltration by macrophages was also recorded. By IHC analysis, the cytoplasm of macrophages was shown to contain a large amount of the ORF2-coded Cap antigen of PCV2. Lymphocyte depletion and large numbers of macrophages were recorded in the tonsils, spleen, intestinal lymphatic tissue, Peyer’s patches and ileocaecal valve. The presence of typical granulomatous lesions with multinuclear giant cells (MGCs) was also recorded in the lymphatic tissue. Cap antigen was shown to be present in macrophages and less often in lymphocytes.

scholarly journals Features of Porcine Circovirus-2 Disease: Correlations between Lesions, Amount and Distribution of Virus, and Clinical Outcome

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Krakowka ◽  
John Ellis ◽  
Francis McNeilly ◽  
Cheryl Waldner ◽  
Gordon Allan
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Viral Burden

Tissue sets from 36 snatch-farrowed colostrum-deprived (SF/CD) and 71 Caesarian-derived gnotobiotic swine infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) as neonates were examined and scored for the types and tissue distribution of histologic lesions associated with this viral infection. The occurrence and severity of these lesions were correlated with qualitative and quantitative determinations of viral burden in tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tissue titrations for infectious virus, respectively. These measures were, in turn, related to 1 of 3 categories of clinical disease expressed in PCV-2–infected swine as subclinical infection, preclinical postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), and clinically evident PMWS, respectively. Statistically significant ( P < 0.05 to 0.001) associations between both measures of viral burden, the severity of histologic lesions and the stage of disease were obtained. Discrimination between and among categories of disease was best accomplished by a combination of IHC and histopathology. The results of this study confirm that viral burden in PCV-2–infected tissues, specifically lymphoid tissues and liver, directly correlate with severity of clinical disease expression in PCV-2 infected swine.

scholarly journals Insights into the Evolutionary History of an Emerging Livestock Pathogen: Porcine Circovirus 2

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (24) ◽  
pp. 12813-12821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cadhla Firth ◽  
Michael A. Charleston ◽  
Siobain Duffy ◽  
Beth Shapiro ◽  
Edward C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Swine Diseases

ABSTRACT Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the primary etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), one of the most economically important emerging swine diseases worldwide. Virulent PCV2 was first identified following nearly simultaneous outbreaks of PMWS in North America and Europe in the 1990s and has since achieved global distribution. However, the processes responsible for the emergence and spread of PCV2 remain poorly understood. Here, phylogenetic and cophylogenetic inferences were utilized to address key questions on the time scale, processes, and geographic diffusion of emerging PCV2. The results of these analyses suggest that the two genotypes of PCV2 (PCV2a and PCV2b) are likely to have emerged from a common ancestor approximately 100 years ago and have been on independent evolutionary trajectories since that time, despite cocirculating in the same host species and geographic regions. The patterns of geographic movement of PCV2 that we recovered appear to mimic those of the global pig trade and suggest that the movement of asymptomatic animals is likely to have facilitated the rapid spread of virulent PCV2 around the globe. We further estimated the rate of nucleotide substitution for PCV2 to be on the order of 1.2 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year, the highest yet recorded for a single-stranded DNA virus. This high rate of evolution may allow PCV2 to maintain evolutionary dynamics closer to those of single-stranded RNA viruses than to those of double-stranded DNA viruses, further facilitating the rapid emergence of PCV2 worldwide.

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