scholarly journals An Experimental Investigation of the Cervical and Thoracic Nerve Roots in Relation to the Subject of Wry-Neck

BMJ ◽  
1897 ◽  
Vol 2 (1921) ◽  
pp. 1172-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Thoracic Nerve ◽  
The Subject

scholarly journals II. An experimental investigation of the nerve roots which enter into the formation of the brachial plexus of the dog

1893 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 39-63 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Schematic Representation ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Exact Number ◽  
The Subject

Numerous observers have from time to time endeavoured to determine the functional relationships between the nerve roots and the groups of muscles which they supply, and the subject has been approached from various standpoints. Anatomists have long endeavoured, by minute dissections, to trace the relations which exist between the nerve roots and the various nerves derived from them, together with the muscles which these nerves supply. Such a minute dissection, aided by a process of maceration in dissociating liquids, was made by W. Krause in the case of the brachial plexus. Investigations of this kind established that each nerve root sends fibres to several nerves, and that each nerve receives fibres from several nerve roots; also, that the order of derivation from above down is constant, though the exact number of roots which supply any given nerve may vary. Schwalbe, in a schematic representation of the human brachial plexus, shows the inferior primary divisions of the component nerves as dividing at their origins into dorsal, or posterior, and ventral, or anterior parts, and classifies the nerves of distribution to the arm into a dorsal and ventral set, the former derived from the dorsal divisions, and supplying the extensor surface of the limb, the latter from the ventral divisions, and supplying the flexor surface.

II. An experimental investigation of the nerve roots which enter into the formation of the brachial plexus of the dog

1892 ◽  
Vol 51 (308-314) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
The Subject

The subject is introduced by an allusion to the attempts that have been made by anatomists to determine the functional relationships between the nerve roots and groups of muscles they supply, in which connexion the work of Krause, Schwalbe, Herringham, and Paterson are cited. A brief reference is made to the observations of Erb, Duchenne, Knie, and Thorbum, after which the author refers to the experimental work that has been done in this field by Müller and Van Deen, Kronenberg, Panizza, Peyer, Krause, Ferrier and Yec, Bert, Marcacci, and Forgue. The anatomical accounts of the brachial plexus of the dog as given by Ellenberger and Baum, Chauveau and Arloing, and Forgue are quoted, the discrepancies which exist between these different accounts pointed out, and the author’s own experiences in this connexion, differing in some points, while agreeing in others, with the descriptions given by these observers, are detailed.

Experimental Investigation of the Compatibility of Lime Coating with Insulation Straw Biocomposite

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumayma Bahou ◽  
Naima Belayachi ◽  
Brahim Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
Casein Protein ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Considerable Degradation ◽  
Bond Tests

The use of bio-based composite as building materials is one of the innovative solutions for dealing with environmental disorders caused by the construction sector. Among these materials we find biocomposites based on vegetable aggregates, which have proven their effectiveness as insulating materials in numerous studies. Despite the growing interest in these materials and the recognition of their performance, their use remains hampered by the lack of implementation rules specific to these materials to move towards a control of their use and their durability affected by the climate and use conditions to which they will be exposed at the level of a building. The objective of this work is to study the compatibility of a protective coating with a block substrate of biocomposites based on cereal straw. It is in fact a mixture of vegetable aggregates (straw), a binder composed of lime and additives also obtained from a renewable source (Ismail et al., 2020). These additives (air-entraining agent, casein protein and a biopolymer) have been added to improve both the fibre-binder interface and the porosity of the binder. The use of these bio-based materials for external or internal thermal insulation of the building requires the application of a coating to protect them against climatic aggressions and to give them an aesthetic appearance. The lime-based coatings, air-entraining agent and casein protein selected for this study have been the subject of an experimental investigation (Brahim Ismail, 2020). In order to assess the compatibility of these coatings with the straw-based insulating material, we were interested in studying the adhesion between the biocomposite and the coating after aging cycles in accordance with the EN 1015-21 standard. The samples (biocomposite + coating) were subjected to two types of aging, one using water and the other using a saline solution of sodium sulphates (Na2SO4). The results of the bond tests after aging showed that the cohesive fracture (at the level of the substrate) is a pattern observed in all the studied systems. In Addition, It has been found that the coating to which a percentage of fine fibers has been added undergoes considerable degradation after aging with salt solution, demonstrating the need of an additional layer of outer coating without fibers in order to ensure the sustainability of the system.

An experimental investigation of the nerve roots which enter into the formation of the lumbo-sacral plexus of Macacus rhesus

1894 ◽  
Vol 54 (326-330) ◽  
pp. 243-272 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Sacral Plexus ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
University College ◽  
Great Willingness ◽  
Work Done

The first part of my task is to express my great indebtedness to Professor Victor Horsley for enabling me to carry out this investigation under favourable circumstances at the Pathological Laboratory of University College, and for his great willingness at all times to criticise the results which I obtained. In a paper on the functions of the nerve roots which enter into the formation of the brachial plexus of the dog, I gave an account of the views that have been expressed and the work done in connexion with the limb plexuses. The hypotheses as to their significance advanced by Reil, Scarpa, A. Monro, Sömmering, and others were not alluded to, as they were mere conjectures, unsupported by any substantial evidence.

The projection of the thoracic nerve roots and their connection with intervertebral discs: a cadaver and radiological study

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1050-1056
Author(s):  
Chao Jiang ◽  
Qiang Guo ◽  
Ze-Ming Sun ◽  
Ze-Xin Chen ◽  
Jia-Jing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spine Surgery ◽  
Thoracic Spine ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Posterolateral Approach ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Dural Sac ◽  
Transforaminal Endoscopic Surgery

Background The anatomical features of the thoracic nerve roots in connection with intervertebral discs may prevent surgery-related complications and improve patients’ neurological functional status during thoracic spine surgery. There is limited literature evidence regarding this concept using cadavers. Purpose To elucidate the qualitative anatomical features of the thoracic nerve roots in connection with intervertebral discs. Material and Methods Fifteen formalin-preserved spine specimens were used in this study. Small pieces of stainless-steel wires were placed along the root sleeves from their points of origin, after exposing the dural sac and bilateral nerve roots. The standard anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were taken after the placement of the wires. Measurements were done on radiographs using the picture archiving communication system. Results Take-off angles of the nerve roots at the coronal plane gradually increased from the level of T2 (36.1°±2.72°) to T9 (84.1°±1.84°) and from T9, it decreased to T12 (46.3° ± 2.67°). Similar variation tendency was discovered in take-off angles of the nerve roots at the sagittal plane. No consistent tendency was found both in the distance from the origin of the root sleeve to its superior and inferior vertebral endplate. Distance from the origin of the root sleeve to the posterior midline (DM) exponentially decreased from T1 (8.2 ± 0.87 mm) to T4 (6.0 ± 0.93 mm). It slowly increased from T5 (5.5 ± 0.68 mm) to T12 (10.9 ± 1.79 mm), with T5 having the smallest DM. Distance between the origins of neighboring nerve roots showed an obvious increase from the T1–T2 interval (23.1 ± 2.22 mm) to T7–T8 interval (30.9 ± 2.68 mm). However, it progressively decreased at the T10–T11 interval (26.0 ± 2.40 mm). Conclusion The dimensions of the thoracic nerve roots vary greatly from T1 to T12 intervertebral discs. Sound knowledge of these anatomical features of the thoracic nerve is mandatory for the thoracic spine surgery, especially in the posterolateral approach and transforaminal endoscopic surgery.

scholarly journals Experiments on the friction and abrasion of the surfaces of solids

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 364-365
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Horizontal Surface ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Surface Time ◽  
Previous Contact ◽  
The Subject

The first part of this paper is occupied by a rapid review of the labours of mechanicians on the subject of friction, from the period of those of Amontons at the end of the 17th century, to those of Coulomb and of Vince in the years 1779 and 1784; from which the author draws the conclusion that the progress of knowledge in this department of science has been slow and unsatisfactory, and that a wide field is still left open to experimental investigation. With a view to elucidate several points not yet sufficiently ascertained by former writers, the author instituted several sets of experiments; some calculated to determine the forces required for dragging bodies of various kinds along a horizontal surface, and others for measuring the angle at which a plane was required to be inclined to the horizon in order to admit of the body sliding down it, attention being paid to the circumstances of pressure, extent of surface, time of previous contact, and velocity of motion. The following are the principal conclusions which the author deduces from his experiments. The friction of ice rubbing upon ice diminishes with an increase of weight; but without observing any regular law of increase. When dry leather is made to move along a plate of cast iron, the resistance is but little influenced by the extent of surface. With fibrous substances, such as cloth, the friction diminishes by an increase of pressure, but is greatly increased by the surfaces remaining for a certain time in contact; it is greater, cœteris paribus , with fine, than with coarse cloths; the resistance is also much increased by an increase of surface. With regard to the friction of different woods against each other, great diversity and irregularity prevail in the results obtained; in general the soft woods give more resistance than the hard woods: thus, yellow deal affords the greatest, and red teak the least friction. The friction of different metals also varies principally according to their respective hardness; the soft metals producing greater friction under similar circumstances than those which are hard. Within the limits of abrasion, however, the amount of friction is nearly the same in all the metals, and may in general be estimated at one sixth of the pressure. The power which unguents have in diminishing friction, varies according to the kind of the fluidity of the particular unguent employed, and to the pressure applied.

Contribution à l'étude du renforcement en cisaillement des poutres en béton armé à l'aide de matériaux composites avancés

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhak Bousselham ◽  
Omar Chaallal
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Steel Reinforcement ◽  
Rc Beams ◽  
Shear Strengthening ◽  
Frp Composites ◽  
Frp Composite ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Transverse Steel

This paper presents results of an investigation on the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with externally applied fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The first part of the study reviews and synthesizes the state of the art in the subject. Also, the requirements and recommendations specified in the Canadian CSA S806-02 standards, the American ACI-440 guidelines, as well as the European fib TG9.3 recommendations are compared with the test results reported in the literature so far. This part of the study indicates that the major parameters involved in the behaviour of RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP were not fully investigated. This can explain the observed discrepancies between the resistance values predicted by the codes and guidelines, and those obtained by tests. This has been the main impetus to carry out an experimental investigation, which is the subject of the second part of this paper. The objective of this experimental investigation was to study the influence of the following parameters on the performance of RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP composites: (i) the FRP ratio, (ii) the transverse steel reinforcement ratio, and (iii) the type of beam (deep versus slender). Results clearly showed the interaction between the FRP composite and the internal transverse steel reinforcement in the shear resistance mechanism. Results also showed the influence of the type of beam on the gain due to FRP on the carrying capacity of the beam.Key words: shear, reinforcement, concrete, composites, experimental, parameters.

Some Points in Sedimentary Petrography

1923 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
R. H. Rastall
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Past History ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Sedimentary Petrography ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Extended Scale

For several years prior to 1914 the writer was engaged in the study of the mineral composition of loose detrital sediments with special reference to the rarer minerals and so-called heavy constituents of sands, the principal object of these investigations being an endeavour to ascertain what conclusions, if any, could be drawn as to the source and past history of the material and their bearing on stratigraphical and palæogeographical problems along the lines laid down by Dr. Thomas in his well-known researches on the New Red Sandstone of south-western England. In those days the subject was still in its infancy, and there were no standard books of reference dealing with it, such as are now abundant: it was necessary to evolve methods and to learn the characteristics of the minerals in grains by experimental investigation and by reference to the comparatively few published descriptions then available. This work was carried out chiefly on the Lower Greensand between the borders of Buckinghamshire and the Wash, but a good deal was also done on the superficial deposits of the neighbourhood of Cambridge and elsewhere, and some of the results obtained on the last-named group were published. The study of the Lower Greensand was, however, still incomplete at the end of 1914. After the war, for reasons unnecessary to detail here, it was not possible to continue the investigation of this particular formation on a more extended scale, as had been originally intended, and the results attained up to 1914 were published in the Geological Magazine.

XIII. On certain functions of the spinal chord, with further investigations into its structure

1853 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Exact Relation ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Object A ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Spinal Chord ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Difficult Subject

When I had the honour of laying before the Royal Society my former researches on the structure of the spinal chord, I intimated an intention of preparing another communication on the structure of the medulla oblongata and cerebellum; but as many important points in the minute anatomy of the chord still remained in obscurity, I thought it advisable to make them first the subject of special inquiry, as far as the new method I employed would enable me to proceed. Moreover, as all investiga­tions into the structure of any organ have, or ought to have, for their object a clearer and better knowledge of its functions, I have undertaken also to communicate in this paper whatever physiological deductions may appear to follow from my observa­tions. Having no particular theory to support, and being influenced in these inquiries by no other feeling than the simple desire to elicit truth, the greatest care has been taken to verify my facts, and caution has been exercised in drawing conclusions from them. It is a question of great interest and physiological importance, whether the roots of the spinal nerves belong exclusively to the spinal chord, or whether part of them ascend within either the white or the grey columns, and form the channels by which impressions are transmitted to and from the brain. On account of its interest and importance, I have employed much time and labour in endeavouring to arrive at some well-grounded and settled conclusion on this very difficult subject, having devoted to it alone many hours daily for nearly five months. So extremely intricate, however, is the internal structure of the chord; so numerous are the planes in which the nerve-roots enter the grey substance; and so various are the directions which they pursue within it, that notwithstanding the perfect transparency of my prepara­tions, and the sharp outline which their fibres retain, my efforts to determine the exact relation between these roots and the white and grey columns appeared for some time almost hopeless; but by varying my dissections according to the exigencies of each case of difficulty, I succeeded in arriving at several results which I believe will be considered important.

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