Community acceptance is needed to eradicate polio in India

The scientific method has been used to eradicate polio, send humans to the moon, and enrich understanding of human cognition and behavior. It produced these accomplishments not through magic or appeals to authority, but through open, detailed, and reproducible methods. To call something “science” means there are clear ways to independently and empirically evaluate research claims. There is no need to simply trust an information source. Scientific values thus prioritize transparency and universalism, emphasizing that it matters less who has made a discovery than how it was done. Yet, scientific reward systems are based on identifying individual eminence. The current paper contrasts this focus on individual eminence with reforms to scientific rewards systems that help these systems better align with scientific values.

Download Full-text

Enhancing community welfare through improved water quality: a case for applying staggered pollution charges in the river Musi sub-basin of Andhra Pradesh, India

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2005.0028 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 469-483

Author(s):

Tishya Chatterjee

Keyword(s):

Andhra Pradesh ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Pollution Prevention ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Marginal Costs ◽

Community Acceptance ◽

Level Data ◽

Over Time

In conditions of severe water-pollution and dormant community acceptance of accumulating environmental damage, the regulator's role goes beyond pollution prevention and more towards remediation and solutions based on the community's long-term expectations of economic benefits from clean water. This paper suggests a method to enable these benefits to become perceptible progressively, through participatory clean-up operations, supported by staggered pollution charges. It analyses the relevant literature on pollution prevention and applies a cost-based “willingness to pay” model, using primary basin-level data of total marginal costs. It develops a replicable demand-side approach imposing charge-standard targets over time in urban-industrial basins of developing countries.

Download Full-text

Improved Aedes/dengue field surveillance using Gravid Oviposition Sticky trap and dengue NS1 tests: Epidemiological, entomological outcomes and community acceptance

Acta Tropica ◽

10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105829 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 216 ◽

pp. 105829

Author(s):

Jonathan Wee Kent Liew ◽

Sivaneswari Selvarajoo ◽

Wei Kit Phang ◽

Mukhainizam Mah Hassan ◽

Mohd Sabri Redzuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sticky Trap ◽

Community Acceptance

Download Full-text

Community Perceptions and Knowledge of Modern Stormwater Treatment Assets

Urban Science ◽

10.3390/urbansci5010005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Hadi Zamanifard ◽

Edward A. Morgan ◽

Wade L. Hadwen

Keyword(s):

Urban Design ◽

Urban Space ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Local Governments ◽

Urban Runoff ◽

Community Perceptions ◽

Stormwater Treatment ◽

Runoff Water ◽

Community Acceptance ◽

Water Sensitive Urban Design

Modern stormwater treatment assets are a form of water sensitive urban design (WSUD) features that aim to reduce the volumes of sediment, nutrients and gross pollutants discharged into receiving waterways. Local governments and developers in urban areas are installing and maintaining a large number of stormwater treatment assets, with the aim of improving urban runoff water quality. Many of these assets take up significant urban space and are highly visible and as a result, community acceptance is essential for effective WSUD design and implementation. However, community perceptions and knowledge about these assets have not been widely studied. This study used a survey to investigate community perceptions and knowledge about stormwater treatment assets in Brisbane, Australia. The results suggest that there is limited community knowledge of these assets, but that communities notice them and value their natural features when well-maintained. This study suggests that local governments may be able to better inform residents about the importance of these assets, and that designing for multiple purposes may improve community acceptance and support for the use of Council funds to maintain them.

Download Full-text

‘You withhold what you are feeling so you can have a family’: Latinas’ perceptions on community values and postpartum depression

Family Medicine and Community Health ◽

10.1136/fmch-2020-000504 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. e000504

Author(s):

McClain Sampson ◽

Miao Yu ◽

Rebecca Mauldin ◽

Angelina Mayorga ◽

Lorena G Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Focus Groups ◽

Low Income ◽

Local Community ◽

Academic Research ◽

Family Services ◽

Community Values ◽

Faith Based ◽

Community Acceptance ◽

Values And Beliefs

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the postpartum depression (PPD) beliefs and experiences of mothers who access local community faith-based organisations providing family services to low-income, predominantly immigrant Latino populations.DesignUsing a qualitative research design, we conducted 18 focus groups with Latina mothers to inquire about their community values and beliefs of PPD. All groups were conducted in Spanish.SettingAn academic research team located in Houston, Texas, USA, partnered with six faith-based organisations in five cities to recruit and host focus groups at the site of the organisation.ParticipantsOne hundred and thirty-three women participated in the focus groups across all sites. Thirty-seven of them (27.8%) had given birth to a child in less than 1 year. Inclusion criteria included mothers 18 years and older and Latino ethnicity.ResultsA six-step process was used to apply thematic analysis to sort data into the themes. All mothers had heard of depression after childbirth, some had experienced it and most remarked that the personal experience and community acceptance of it vary by family. The main findings suggest that mothers take pride in parenting by instilling values to support family and the value of relying on family for emotional support. Findings reveal that many mothers suffer and sacrifice for their children, they feel judged and feel they must hide their emotions. Factors such as birth and postpartum customs from a native country, gender roles and beliefs of what a good mother shape their beliefs and messages about PPD.ConclusionOur findings indicate that programme developers should consider family and community focused education and intervention efforts to help decrease stigma and increase understanding of PPD.

Download Full-text

An Australian perspective on DPR: technologies, sustainability and community acceptance

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2015.180 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 355-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ian B. Law

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Recent Work ◽

Western Australia ◽

Community Education ◽

Water Recycling ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Community Acceptance ◽

Indirect Potable Reuse ◽

Direct Potable Reuse

Australia has had guidelines in place for water recycling (for all uses other than potable reuse) since 2006. These guidelines were extended in May 2008 to cover potable reuse and have since been applied to two potable reuse schemes – one in Brisbane (Queensland) in 2011 and the second in Perth (Western Australia) in 2013. These guidelines cover both indirect potable reuse and direct potable reuse (DPR) and outline the steps that must be followed in the planning and validation of such schemes. This paper summarizes: (i) recent work carried out in Australia on treatment trains and technologies suitable for DPR; (ii) sustainability considerations of DPR and how it compares with other water supply options; and (iii) developments in community education and engagement in the potable reuse space.

Download Full-text

Pharmacy-managed anticoagulation: Assessment of in-hospital efficacy and evaluation of financial impact and community acceptance

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis ◽

10.1007/s11239-006-8328-9 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 23-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Jennifer L. Donovan ◽

Julie A. Drake ◽

Peter Whittaker ◽

Maichi T. Tran

Keyword(s):

Financial Impact ◽

Community Acceptance

Download Full-text

Advax-CpG Adjuvant Provides Antigen Dose-Sparing and Enhanced Immunogenicity for Inactivated Poliomyelitis Virus Vaccines

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10050500 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 500

Author(s):

Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo ◽

Jeremy Baldwin ◽

Nikolai Petrovsky

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Antigen Dose ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Dose Sparing ◽

Sparing Effect ◽

Eradicate Polio

Global immunization campaigns have resulted in a major decline in the global incidence of polio cases, with wild-type poliovirus remaining endemic in only two countries. Live oral polio vaccine (OPV) played a role in the reduction in polio case numbers; however, the risk of OPV developing into circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus makes it unsuitable for eradication programs. Trivalent inactivated polio virus (TIPV) vaccines which contain formalin-inactivated antigens produced from virulent types 1, 2 and 3 reference polio strains grown in Vero monkey kidney cells have been advocated as a replacement for OPV; however, TIPVs have weak immunogenicity and multiple boosts are required before peak neutralizing titers are reached. This study examined whether the incorporation of the novel polysaccharide adjuvant, Advax-CpG, could boost the immunogenicity of two TIPV vaccines, (i) a commercially available polio vaccine (IPOL®, Sanofi Pasteur) and (ii) a new TIPV formulation developed by Statens Serum Institut (SSI). Mice were immunized intramuscularly based on recommended vaccine dosage schedules and serum antibody titers were followed for 12 months post-immunization. Advax-CpG significantly enhanced the long-term immunogenicity of both TIPV vaccines and had at least a 10-fold antigen dose-sparing effect. An exception was the poor ability of the SSI TIPV to induce serotype type 1 neutralizing antibodies. Immunization with monovalent IPVs suggested that the low type 1 response to TIPV may be due to antigen competition when the type 1 antigen was co-formulated with the type 2 and 3 antigens. This study provides valuable insights into the complexity of the formulation of multivalent polio vaccines and supports the further development of adjuvanted antigen-sparing TIPV vaccines in the fight to eradicate polio.

Download Full-text

A Collaborative Initiative to Strengthen Sustainable Public Health Capacity for Polio Eradication and Routine Immunization Activities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

JMIR Public Health and Surveillance ◽

10.2196/14664 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. e14664

Author(s):

Magid Al Gunaid ◽

Faris Lami ◽

Najwa Jarour

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Routine Immunization ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽

Eradicate Polio ◽

And Control

The many challenges in the Eastern Mediterranean region put the involved countries at risk of polio transmission and affect their ability to meet progress targets in eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases. The Global Health Development (GHD) and Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET) are working together on the project “Strengthening sustainable public health capacity in the Eastern Mediterranean region for polio eradication and routine immunization activities” with an overall goal of improving routine immunization, eradicating poliovirus, and controlling/eliminating or eradicating other vaccine-preventable diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The aim of this manuscript is to describe the project and the achievements of GHD/EMPHNET over the last 3 years (2016-2018) to build effective surveillance and immunization systems in the Eastern Mediterranean region through the development of a sustainable and competent public health system to eradicate polio and control/eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases. This project assists the targeted Eastern Mediterranean region countries to build effective surveillance and immunization systems in an effort to expand their capacities to eradicate polio and control/eliminate other vaccine-preventable diseases. The project is streamlined with the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Strategic Framework for Global Immunization 2016-2020, and the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018. The project also supports the Global Health Security Agenda by focusing on efforts to accelerate progress toward a world safe and secure from infectious disease threats. Project activities were designed to respond to countries’ needs and assist them in building their institutional and workforce capacity to effectively plan, implement, and evaluate activities to eradicate polio and strengthen routine immunization activities. The project activities covered a set of areas including surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis and other vaccine-preventable diseases, family and community engagement, workforce capacity building, improvement of data quality, management and use of information systems, use of polio assets to control/eliminate other vaccine-preventable diseases, support of countries to develop national strategies, piloting of innovative initiatives, program evaluation and accountability, and immunization strengthening. The project adopts the Global Polio Eradication Initiative strategies for assisting countries to strengthen routine immunization services, maintain highly sensitive acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, and sustain polio eradication functions.

Download Full-text