Epidemiological studies have linked small birth weight and lack of breastfeeding to type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to determine if (i) small birth weight promotes and (ii) suckling prevents the development of adiposity and diabetes biomarkers in a Yucatan miniature pig model. At 3 days of age, the intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) piglet (n = 6) was paired with a normal weight (NW), same-sex littermate (n = 6) and fed milk replacer for 4 weeks. A sow-fed normal weight littermate (n = 6) was also compared with the NW littermate to assess the effects of suckling. All pigs were fed a standard diet ad libitum for 5 h·day–1 from week 4. At 9.5 months, pigs underwent intravenous glucose tolerance (IVGTT) and insulin sensitivity tests (IST). At 10 months, tissues were harvested for fat analysis and pancreas histology. IUGR pigs demonstrated compensatory growth before sexual maturity and had greater subcutaneous fat depth; birth weight also negatively correlated with visceral fat content. Visceral and subcutaneous adiposity were greater in females than males. IVGTT and IST outcomes were not different due to birth weight or suckling. However, visceral adiposity was associated with several glucose tolerance outcomes and females were more glucose intolerant due to their greater adiposity. Pancreas insulin content or histology outcomes were not different. This model did not develop markers of type 2 diabetes mellitus because of small birth weight or formula feeding. However, visceral adiposity and sex were associated with glucose intolerance, which is consistent with data in humans.
Impact of increased visceral adiposity with normal weight on the progression of arterial stiffness in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
