scholarly journals Projecting the effects of tobacco control policies in the USA through microsimulation: a study protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e019169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Tam ◽  
David T Levy ◽  
Jihyoun Jeon ◽  
John Clarke ◽  
Scott Gilkeson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Usa

IntroductionSmoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the USA but can be reduced through policy interventions. Computational models of smoking can provide estimates of the projected impact of tobacco control policies and can be used to inform public health decision making. We outline a protocol for simulating the effects of tobacco policies on population health outcomes.Methods and analysisWe extend the Smoking History Generator (SHG), a microsimulation model based on data from the National Health Interview Surveys, to evaluate the effects of tobacco control policies on projections of smoking prevalence and mortality in the USA. The SHG simulates individual life trajectories including smoking initiation, cessation and mortality. We illustrate the application of the SHG policy module for four types of tobacco control policies at the national and state levels: smoke-free air laws, cigarette taxes, increasing tobacco control programme expenditures and raising the minimum age of legal access to tobacco. Smoking initiation and cessation rates are modified by age, birth cohort, gender and years since policy implementation. Initiation and cessation rate modifiers are adjusted for differences across age groups and the level of existing policy coverage. Smoking prevalence, the number of population deaths avoided, and life-years gained are calculated for each policy scenario at the national and state levels. The model only considers direct individual benefits through reduced smoking and does not consider benefits through reduced exposure to secondhand smoke.Ethics and disseminationA web-based interface is being developed to integrate the results of the simulations into a format that allows the user to explore the projected effects of tobacco control policies in the USA. Usability testing is being conducted in which experts provide feedback on the interface. Development of this tool is under way, and a publicly accessible website is available athttp://www.tobaccopolicyeffects.org.

Return on investment of Canadian tobacco control policies implemented between 2001 and 2016

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056473
Author(s):  
Jean-Eric Tarride ◽  
Gord Blackhouse ◽  
G. Emmanuel Guindon ◽  
Michael O Chaiton ◽  
Lynn Planinac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Productivity Costs ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Government

ObjectivesTo determine the return on investment (ROI) associated with tobacco control policies implemented between 2001 and 2016 in Canada.MethodsCanadian expenditures on tobacco policies were collected from government sources. The economic benefits considered in our analyses (decrease in healthcare costs, productivity costs and monetised life years lost, as well as tax revenues) were based on the changes in smoking prevalence and attributable deaths derived from the SimSmoke simulation model for the period 2001–2016. The net economic benefit (monetised benefits minus expenditures) and ROI associated with these policies were determined from the government and societal perspectives. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to check the robustness of the result. Costs were expressed in 2019 Canadian dollars.ResultsThe total of provincial and federal expenditures associated with the implementation of tobacco control policies in Canada from 2001 through 2016 was estimated at $2.4 billion. Total economic benefits from these policies during that time were calculated at $49.2 billion from the government perspective and at $54.2 billion from the societal perspective. The corresponding ROIs were $19.8 and $21.9 for every dollar invested. Sensitivity analyses yielded ROI values ranging from $16.3 to $28.3 for every dollar invested depending on the analyses and perspective.ConclusionsThis analysis has found that the costs to implement the Canadian tobacco policies between 2001 and 2016 were far outweighed by the monetised value associated with the benefits of these policies, making a powerful case for the investment in tobacco control policies.

scholarly journals Time series analysis of the impact of tobacco control policies on smoking prevalence among Australian adults, 2001–2011

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 413-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie A Wakefield ◽  
Kerri Coomber ◽  
Sarah J Durkin ◽  
Michelle Scollo ◽  
Megan Bayly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Computational Models Used to Assess US Tobacco Control Policies

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1257-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shari P Feirman ◽  
Allison M Glasser ◽  
Shyanika Rose ◽  
Ray Niaura ◽  
David B Abrams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies

scholarly journals Tobacco control’s effects on social inequalities in smoking: Moving towards a health equity approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lapalme
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Social Inequalities In Health ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Improve Health

Abstract Population-level public health policies aim to improve health for the entire population. Yet, in doing so, they may unintentionally neglect vulnerable populations' specific needs, which may perpetuate social inequalities in health. As an example, tobacco control policies (e.g. media campaigns, smoke-free places, tax increases, and tobacco product regulation) have been found to significantly reduce overall smoking prevalence in many high-income countries. However, social inequalities in smoking have been increasing, with smoking prevalence being higher, notably for those of low socio-economic status (SES). Low SES individuals start smoking at younger ages, smoke more cigarettes per day, have lower cessation rates, and are exposed to more second-hand smoke than higher SES individuals. These social inequalities in smoking translate into social inequalities in health such that low SES groups carry a disproportionately heavier burden of smoking-related illnesses. Based on data from a critical discourse analysis of tobacco control policy in Quebec, Canada, as well as from a literature review of vulnerable populations' experiences with tobacco control policies, this presentation will: 1) illustrate ways in which tobacco control policies may be increasing social inequalities in smoking, including the absence of vulnerable populations who smoke from policy planning, smoking denormalization's unintended stigmatizing effects, and targeting behaviours rather than the 'causes of the cause' in policy; 2) provide ideas for future population-level policies based on a health equity approach, which includes integrating vulnerable population's voices in policy design, prioritizing vulnerable populations and health equity in policy, and shifting attention towards policies addressing social inequalities in access to social determinants (e.g. education, income, employment security, safe, clean, and affordable housing) to improve health rather than targeting behaviours, such as smoking.

Flavoured tobacco product restrictions in Massachusetts associated with reductions in adolescent cigarette and e-cigarette use

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056159
Author(s):  
Summer Sherburne Hawkins ◽  
Claudia Kruzik ◽  
Michael O'Brien ◽  
Rebekah Levine Coley
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
County Level ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Youth Health ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Adolescent Tobacco Use

BackgroundIn the USA, many states do not pre-empt municipalities from enacting stricter tobacco-control policies than state or federal laws. Several municipalities in Massachusetts have passed progressive local laws aimed at reducing adolescent tobacco use. We exploited this variability to examine the associations between county-level flavoured tobacco product restrictions, tobacco 21 policies and smoke-free laws prohibiting e-cigarettes with adolescent cigarette and e-cigarette use in Massachusetts, and to assess whether policy effects varied by age.MethodsWe conducted difference-in-differences models to link changes in county-level tobacco-control policies to changes in adolescents’ use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes using 2011–2017 biennial Massachusetts Youth Health Surveys.ResultsCounties with greater implementation of flavoured tobacco product restrictions were associated with a decrease in the level of cigarette use among users (incidence rate ratio −1.56; 95% CI −2.54 to −0.58). A significant interaction (p=0.03) revealed the largest reductions among 14 and 18 year olds. Increasing flavoured tobacco product restrictions were also associated with reductions in the likelihood of e-cigarette use (OR −0.87; 95% CI −1.68 to −0.06). Increasing tobacco 21 restrictions were associated with decreases in cigarette use only among 18 year olds, while there was no evidence of associations between smoke-free laws with use of either tobacco product.ConclusionsAdolescents in Massachusetts decreased their use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes in response to local restrictions that limited the sale of flavoured tobacco products to adult-only retail tobacco stores. Local legislation can reduce adolescent tobacco use and municipalities should enact stricter tobacco-control policies when not pre-empted by state law.

scholarly journals Italy SimSmoke: the effect of tobacco control policies on smoking prevalence and smoking attributable deaths in Italy

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Levy ◽  
Silvano Gallus ◽  
Kenneth Blackman ◽  
Giulia Carreras ◽  
Carlo La Vecchia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies

scholarly journals Are smokers “hardening” or rather “softening”? An ecological and multilevel analysis across 28 European Union countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 1900596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariadna Feliu ◽  
Esteve Fernandez ◽  
Cristina Martinez ◽  
Filippos T. Filippidis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Hardcore Smokers ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

BackgroundTobacco control policies can reduce smoking prevalence. These measures may be less effective where smoking prevalence has significantly declined, as the remaining smokers have “hardened”. Our aim was to empirically evaluate the “hardening hypothesis” at the population level in the European Union (EU) and explore factors associated with hardcore smoking.MethodsWe conducted two separate analyses in the EU using data on smoking from the Eurobarometer surveys (2009–2017, n=112 745). 1) A panel-data fixed-effects linear regression to investigate changes over time in the percentage of hardcore smokers in relation to standardised smoking prevalence at the country level. 2) A multilevel logistic regression analysis with hardcore (daily smokers, ≥15 cigarettes per day who have not attempted to quit in the last 12 months) or light (<5 cigarettes per day) smoking as the dependent variable and time as the main independent variable, controlling for individual and ecological variables.ResultsWe studied 29 010 current smokers (43.8% hardcore smokers and 14.7% light smokers). The prevalence of hardcore smoking among adult smokers increased by 0.55 (95% CI 0.14–0.96) percentage points per each additional percentage point in the overall smoking prevalence. The odds of being a hardcore smoker increased over time and were higher in middle-aged males and people with financial difficulties, while the odds of being a light smoker significantly declined among females.ConclusionThis study does not support the “hardening hypothesis” in the EU between 2009 and 2017, but suggests a softening of the smoking population. Existing tobacco control policies are likely to be suitable to further decrease smoking prevalence in Europe.

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