scholarly journals No standarisation or harmonisation in anti-doping testing frequency

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000739
Author(s):  
Bill Cuddihy
Keyword(s):  
Testing Frequency ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
Performance Enhancing

The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) has undermined the credibility of sports for many years, with cycling and athletics, especially badly hit. The World Anti-Doping Agency has been tasked with leading the fight against the use of PEDs in sport and has been largely successful in achieving standardisation and harmonisation in terms of rules and regulations but has not addressed the question of testing frequency to any meaningful extent. This study, which focuses on athletics, shows vast differences in testing rates around the world with some of the most successful countries in athletics doing very little testing compared to many other countries.

scholarly journals The Cardiac Effects of Performance-Enhancing Medications: Caffeine vs. Anabolic Steroids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sivalokanathan ◽  
Łukasz Małek ◽  
Aneil Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Several performance-enhancing or ergogenic drugs have been linked to both significant adverse cardiovascular effects and increased cardiovascular risk. Even with increased scrutiny on the governance of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in professional sport and heightened awareness of the associated cardiovascular risk, there are some who are prepared to risk their use to gain competitive advantage. Caffeine is the most commonly consumed drug in the world and its ergogenic properties have been reported for decades. Thus, the removal of caffeine from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances, in 2004, has naturally led to an exponential rise in its use amongst athletes. The response to caffeine is complex and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Whilst the evidence may be equivocal, the ability of an athlete to train longer or at a greater power output cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, its impact on the myocardium remains unanswered. In contrast, anabolic steroids are recognised PEDs that improve athletic performance, increase muscle growth and suppress fatigue. Their use, however, comes at a cost, afflicting the individual with several side effects, including those that are detrimental to the cardiovascular system. This review addresses the effects of the two commonest PEDs, one legal, the other prohibited, and their respective effects on the heart, as well as the long-term implications.

Prohibition of artificial hypoxic environments in sports: health risks rather than ethics

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1206-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lippi ◽  
Massimo Franchini ◽  
Gian Cesare Guidi
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Blood Doping ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Position ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing

There is actual debate on a recent position of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which has cautiously refrained from banning hypoxic tents and intends to monitor their health risk. Regardless of teleological and deontological concepts, we highlight that the health risks inherent to the widespread use of these artificial performance-enhancing devices would make them as unsafe as other forms of blood doping.

Performance-Enhancing Drugs I: Understanding the Basics of Testing for Banned Substances

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy B. Cadwallader ◽  
Bob Murray
Keyword(s):  
Biological Samples ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Drug Test ◽  
Good Reputation ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
Testing Standards ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Whenever athletes willfully or accidentally ingest performance-enhancing drugs or other banned substances (such as drugs of abuse), markers of those drugs can be detected in biological samples (e.g., biofluids: urine, saliva, blood); in the case of some drugs, that evidence can be apparent for many weeks following the last exposure to the drug. In addition to the willful use of prohibited drugs, athletes can accidentally ingest banned substances in contaminated dietary supplements or foods and inadvertently fail a drug test that could mean the end of an athletic career and the loss of a good reputation. The proliferation of performance-enhancing drugs and methods has required a corresponding increase in the analytical tools and methods required to identify the presence of banned substances in biofluids. Even though extraordinary steps have been taken by organizations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency to limit the use of prohibited substances and methods by athletes willing to cheat, it is apparent that some athletes continue to avoid detection by using alternative doping regimens or taking advantage of the limitations in testing methodologies. This article reviews the testing standards and analytical techniques underlying the procedures used to identify banned substances in biological samples, setting the stage for future summaries of the testing required to establish the use of steroids, stimulants, diuretics, and other prohibited substances.

An Abductive Inference Approach to Assess the Performance-Enhancing Effects of Drugs Included on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Breenfeldt Andersen ◽  
Glenn A. Jacobson ◽  
Jacob Bejder ◽  
Dino Premilovac ◽  
Stephen M. Richards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abductive Inference ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing

scholarly journals The Cardiac Effects of Performance-Enhancing Medications: Caffeine vs. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sivalokanathan ◽  
Łukasz A. Małek ◽  
Aneil Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
The World ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Several performance-enhancing or ergogenic drugs have been linked to both significant adverse cardiovascular effects and increased cardiovascular risk. Even with increased scrutiny on the governance of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in professional sport and heightened awareness of the associated cardiovascular risk, there are some who are prepared to risk their use to gain competitive advantage. Caffeine is the most commonly consumed drug in the world and its ergogenic properties have been reported for decades. Thus, the removal of caffeine from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances, in 2004, has naturally led to an exponential rise in its use amongst athletes. The response to caffeine is complex and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Whilst the evidence may be equivocal, the ability of an athlete to train longer or at a greater power output cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, its impact on the myocardium remains unanswered. In contrast, anabolic androgenic steroids are recognised PEDs that improve athletic performance, increase muscle growth and suppress fatigue. Their use, however, comes at a cost, afflicting the individual with several side effects, including those that are detrimental to the cardiovascular system. This review addresses the effects of the two commonest PEDs, one legal, the other prohibited, and their respective effects on the heart, as well as the challenge in defining its long-term implications.

scholarly journals Drugs in Sport

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Charlish
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Governing Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Performance Enhancing

AbstractIn this article Peter Charlish addresses the controversial issue of the use of performance enhancing drugs in sport. He looks at the legal basis for regulation via the World Anti-Doping Code and the nature of a sports participant's relationship with their governing body and the anti-doping organisations. He explains in the context of proportionality, the measures designed to combat doping in sport; the importance to the Code of the central principle of strict liability. Also, he highlights the use of non-analytical positives as a further method of detection of doping violations, whilst taking consideration of the impact of these measures on the human rights of participants.

scholarly journals The Line in the Sand for British Strength Sports. No Second Chances and the Creation of a Drug Free for Life Ethos

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Crisp
Keyword(s):  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Competitive Strength ◽  
The World ◽  
Sliding Scale ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
Drug Free

AbstractPerformance enhancing drugs (PEDs) crises in sport provide stories for the mass media. From individuals such as Ben Johnson and Lance Armstrong, to countries and organisations such as Russian Athletics and Major League Baseball. More recently, research has emerged that suggests that those who take drugs, even the once, are permanently advantaged over those who never have (Egner et al., 2013; Eriksson, 2006). This has expanded existing arguments related to PEDs, even extending debate to one that argues that PED use should be monitored and legalised in order to create a level playing field – as opposed to ‘banning’ athletes. In contrast, there are varying reasons for the rationale of ‘clean’ sports. In the first kind of discussion related to this the central premise is often about health concerns and PED use. In the second discussion, we hear much about cheating, unfairness, and the perversion of sport (Schneider & Butcher, 2000). At the present time, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) police PED use in sport and use Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRVs) that allow a sliding scale of transgressions with lifetime bans not given in the first instance of a failed test. Put simply then, these ADRVs do not facilitate a system for those not wishing to compete with others who, at any time, have used PEDs. However, in the 1980’s a number of people in Britain made the decision to distance themselves from what they saw as significant doping in British and international Weightlifting. They achieved this through creating competitive strength organisations dedicated to a drug free for life ethos. In this paper I draw on the experiences and reflections of some of these key people, and contend that it was the ideology of fairplay that influenced this movement, and that the rules on PED use should not be fully authoritative and determinate.

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