scholarly journals The Cardiac Effects of Performance-Enhancing Medications: Caffeine vs. Anabolic Steroids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sivalokanathan ◽  
Łukasz Małek ◽  
Aneil Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Several performance-enhancing or ergogenic drugs have been linked to both significant adverse cardiovascular effects and increased cardiovascular risk. Even with increased scrutiny on the governance of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in professional sport and heightened awareness of the associated cardiovascular risk, there are some who are prepared to risk their use to gain competitive advantage. Caffeine is the most commonly consumed drug in the world and its ergogenic properties have been reported for decades. Thus, the removal of caffeine from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances, in 2004, has naturally led to an exponential rise in its use amongst athletes. The response to caffeine is complex and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Whilst the evidence may be equivocal, the ability of an athlete to train longer or at a greater power output cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, its impact on the myocardium remains unanswered. In contrast, anabolic steroids are recognised PEDs that improve athletic performance, increase muscle growth and suppress fatigue. Their use, however, comes at a cost, afflicting the individual with several side effects, including those that are detrimental to the cardiovascular system. This review addresses the effects of the two commonest PEDs, one legal, the other prohibited, and their respective effects on the heart, as well as the long-term implications.

scholarly journals The Cardiac Effects of Performance-Enhancing Medications: Caffeine vs. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sivalokanathan ◽  
Łukasz A. Małek ◽  
Aneil Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
The World ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Several performance-enhancing or ergogenic drugs have been linked to both significant adverse cardiovascular effects and increased cardiovascular risk. Even with increased scrutiny on the governance of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in professional sport and heightened awareness of the associated cardiovascular risk, there are some who are prepared to risk their use to gain competitive advantage. Caffeine is the most commonly consumed drug in the world and its ergogenic properties have been reported for decades. Thus, the removal of caffeine from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances, in 2004, has naturally led to an exponential rise in its use amongst athletes. The response to caffeine is complex and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Whilst the evidence may be equivocal, the ability of an athlete to train longer or at a greater power output cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, its impact on the myocardium remains unanswered. In contrast, anabolic androgenic steroids are recognised PEDs that improve athletic performance, increase muscle growth and suppress fatigue. Their use, however, comes at a cost, afflicting the individual with several side effects, including those that are detrimental to the cardiovascular system. This review addresses the effects of the two commonest PEDs, one legal, the other prohibited, and their respective effects on the heart, as well as the challenge in defining its long-term implications.

scholarly journals No standarisation or harmonisation in anti-doping testing frequency

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000739
Author(s):  
Bill Cuddihy
Keyword(s):  
Testing Frequency ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
Performance Enhancing

The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) has undermined the credibility of sports for many years, with cycling and athletics, especially badly hit. The World Anti-Doping Agency has been tasked with leading the fight against the use of PEDs in sport and has been largely successful in achieving standardisation and harmonisation in terms of rules and regulations but has not addressed the question of testing frequency to any meaningful extent. This study, which focuses on athletics, shows vast differences in testing rates around the world with some of the most successful countries in athletics doing very little testing compared to many other countries.

scholarly journals Androstenedione (a Natural Steroid and a Drug Supplement): A Comprehensive Review of Its Consumption, Metabolism, Health Effects, and Toxicity with Sex Differences

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 6210
Author(s):  
Marwa T. Badawy ◽  
Mansour Sobeh ◽  
Jianbo Xiao ◽  
Mohamed A. Farag
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Sexual Performance ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
Oral Supplement

Androstenedione is a steroidal hormone produced in male and female gonads, as well as in the adrenal glands, and it is known for its key role in the production of estrogen and testosterone. Androstenedione is also sold as an oral supplement, that is being utilized to increase testosterone levels. Simply known as “andro” by athletes, it is commonly touted as a natural alternative to anabolic steroids. By boosting testosterone levels, it is thought to be an enhancer for athletic performance, build body muscles, reduce fats, increase energy, maintain healthy RBCs, and increase sexual performance. Nevertheless, several of these effects are not yet scientifically proven. Though commonly used as a supplement for body building, it is listed among performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) which is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, as well as the International Olympic Committee. This review focuses on the action mechanism behind androstenedione’s health effects, and further side effects including clinical features, populations at risk, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and toxicokinetics. A review of androstenedione regulation in drug doping is also presented.

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and International Olympic Committee (IOC) list of prohibited substances and methods and their cardiovascular effects

2019 ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Niebauer ◽  
Carl Johan Sundberg
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cardiovascular Side Effects ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Androgenic Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Sports Sciences

The abuse of doping substances is prevalent in sports and in society at large. Doping substances are also present in a substantial fraction of nutritional supplements. They can cause severe side effects. This chapter is focused on cardiovascular side effects. Androgenic anabolic steroids can induce left ventricular hypertrophy, heart fibrosis, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and has been associated with dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction, and coronary artery disease. Beta-2 agonists can induce chronotropic and inotropic effects, QT prolongation, palpitations, arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Erythropoietin can induce hypertension and embolism. Use of banned substances and methods in sports, i.e. doping, is prohibited, unethical, and dangerous. Research efforts in sports sciences and sports medicine are needed to prevent and treat doping abuse and to help athletes be successful without the need for doping.

Prohibition of artificial hypoxic environments in sports: health risks rather than ethics

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1206-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lippi ◽  
Massimo Franchini ◽  
Gian Cesare Guidi
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Blood Doping ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Position ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing

There is actual debate on a recent position of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which has cautiously refrained from banning hypoxic tents and intends to monitor their health risk. Regardless of teleological and deontological concepts, we highlight that the health risks inherent to the widespread use of these artificial performance-enhancing devices would make them as unsafe as other forms of blood doping.

Is It Really a Superfood? Quinoa and The Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-412
Author(s):  
Cetin Sanlialp Sara*, Günay Seyda
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
World Food ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The World ◽  
World Food Security

Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.) is a psudocereal plant which has been consumedfor 5000 years. It has attracted the attention all over the world because ofits adaptability to all climate conditions and its biological, nutritional importance.The year of 2013 was declared international quinoa year due to the fact that it is anold plant that contributes to world food security. Quinoa has rich nutritional valuefrom protein, essential aminoacid, minerals and vitamins. Also it contains saponins,phytosterols, phytoecdysteroids, phenolics that provides its biological activities. Thesecomponents may positively affect on health such as metobolic, gastrointestinal andcardiac influences but nowadays there are limited studies on human health. In thisreview, the cardiovascular effects of quinoa will be mentioned.Key words: antioxidant–biological activities–cardiovascular effects–quinoa–nutritional value

Performance-Enhancing Drugs I: Understanding the Basics of Testing for Banned Substances

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy B. Cadwallader ◽  
Bob Murray
Keyword(s):  
Biological Samples ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Drug Test ◽  
Good Reputation ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
Testing Standards ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Whenever athletes willfully or accidentally ingest performance-enhancing drugs or other banned substances (such as drugs of abuse), markers of those drugs can be detected in biological samples (e.g., biofluids: urine, saliva, blood); in the case of some drugs, that evidence can be apparent for many weeks following the last exposure to the drug. In addition to the willful use of prohibited drugs, athletes can accidentally ingest banned substances in contaminated dietary supplements or foods and inadvertently fail a drug test that could mean the end of an athletic career and the loss of a good reputation. The proliferation of performance-enhancing drugs and methods has required a corresponding increase in the analytical tools and methods required to identify the presence of banned substances in biofluids. Even though extraordinary steps have been taken by organizations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency to limit the use of prohibited substances and methods by athletes willing to cheat, it is apparent that some athletes continue to avoid detection by using alternative doping regimens or taking advantage of the limitations in testing methodologies. This article reviews the testing standards and analytical techniques underlying the procedures used to identify banned substances in biological samples, setting the stage for future summaries of the testing required to establish the use of steroids, stimulants, diuretics, and other prohibited substances.

scholarly journals Nutritional supplements: prevalence of use and contamination with doping agents

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Van Thuyne ◽  
P Van Eenoo ◽  
F. T Delbeke
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Herbal Formulations

AbstractBased upon recent sales numbers, nutritional supplements play a key role in the lifestyle of a substantial proportion of the population. As well as products such as vitamins or minerals, several precursors of anabolic steroids are marketed as nutritional supplements. Another group of commercially available supplements are products for weight loss based upon herbal formulations originating fromEphedraspecies. Apart from supplements indicating the presence of these active compounds, numerous non-hormonal nutritional supplements were found that were contaminated with non-labelled anabolic steroids. Stimulating agents other than naturally occurring analogues of ephedrine were detected. A major group using dietary supplements are sportsmen, ranging from amateur level to elite athletes. Besides the possible health risks associated with the use of dietary supplements, athletes should take care not to violate the rules of the World Anti-Doping Agency because athletes remain responsible for substances detected in their biofluids, irrespective of their origin. Several analytical methods have been developed to determine the presence of doping agents as contaminants. The present review attempts to address the issues concerning the use of nutritional supplements and the detection of doping agents as contaminants in dietary supplements.

Anabolic steroids in sport: biochemical, clinical and analytical perspectives

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Kicman ◽  
D. B. Gower
Keyword(s):  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Accredited Laboratories ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Innate Ability

International Olympic Committee accredited laboratories play a key role in upholding the principle of fair play and innate ability, as desired by the majority of sports competitors and spectators. Not only does doping damage the image of sport, but it can also be harmful to the individual. The great majority of samples test negative but, when an adverse finding is declared, the analytical data must be of a sufficiently high standard to withstand legal challenges by third parties. The most widely misused performance-enhancing drugs are the anabolic-androgenic steroids, commonly referred to as 'anabolic steroids'. This review attempts to address the complex issues concerning anabolic steroids in sport by considering the clinical, biochemical and analytical perspectives.

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