An Abductive Inference Approach to Assess the Performance-Enhancing Effects of Drugs Included on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Breenfeldt Andersen ◽  
Glenn A. Jacobson ◽  
Jacob Bejder ◽  
Dino Premilovac ◽  
Stephen M. Richards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abductive Inference ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Prohibition of artificial hypoxic environments in sports: health risks rather than ethics

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1206-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lippi ◽  
Massimo Franchini ◽  
Gian Cesare Guidi
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Blood Doping ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Position ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing

There is actual debate on a recent position of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which has cautiously refrained from banning hypoxic tents and intends to monitor their health risk. Regardless of teleological and deontological concepts, we highlight that the health risks inherent to the widespread use of these artificial performance-enhancing devices would make them as unsafe as other forms of blood doping.

scholarly journals No standarisation or harmonisation in anti-doping testing frequency

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000739
Author(s):  
Bill Cuddihy
Keyword(s):  
Testing Frequency ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
Performance Enhancing

The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) has undermined the credibility of sports for many years, with cycling and athletics, especially badly hit. The World Anti-Doping Agency has been tasked with leading the fight against the use of PEDs in sport and has been largely successful in achieving standardisation and harmonisation in terms of rules and regulations but has not addressed the question of testing frequency to any meaningful extent. This study, which focuses on athletics, shows vast differences in testing rates around the world with some of the most successful countries in athletics doing very little testing compared to many other countries.

scholarly journals The Cardiac Effects of Performance-Enhancing Medications: Caffeine vs. Anabolic Steroids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sivalokanathan ◽  
Łukasz Małek ◽  
Aneil Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Several performance-enhancing or ergogenic drugs have been linked to both significant adverse cardiovascular effects and increased cardiovascular risk. Even with increased scrutiny on the governance of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in professional sport and heightened awareness of the associated cardiovascular risk, there are some who are prepared to risk their use to gain competitive advantage. Caffeine is the most commonly consumed drug in the world and its ergogenic properties have been reported for decades. Thus, the removal of caffeine from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances, in 2004, has naturally led to an exponential rise in its use amongst athletes. The response to caffeine is complex and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Whilst the evidence may be equivocal, the ability of an athlete to train longer or at a greater power output cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, its impact on the myocardium remains unanswered. In contrast, anabolic steroids are recognised PEDs that improve athletic performance, increase muscle growth and suppress fatigue. Their use, however, comes at a cost, afflicting the individual with several side effects, including those that are detrimental to the cardiovascular system. This review addresses the effects of the two commonest PEDs, one legal, the other prohibited, and their respective effects on the heart, as well as the long-term implications.

WADA and Doping in World Sport

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Second World War ◽  
International Governance ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Regulatory Powers ◽  
Second World

Performance enhancement in sport has a long and controversial history. Although several organizations enacted prohibitions on the subject of doping prior to the Second World War, public scrutiny on the issue remained relatively light until the second half of the twentieth century. Beginning in the 1960s, officials passed a number of regulatory measures with the twin goals of protecting the health of athletes and ensuring the fairness of competitions. Due partially to the effects of Cold War political rivalries, the use of drugs by athletes nevertheless remained widespread in the world of sport. This policy situation changed dramatically with the end of the superpower conflict in 1991, however. The following decade was marked by increasingly vociferous calls for reform from outside the international governance structure for sport. In February of 1999, regulatory powers over the subject were centralized in a new organization called the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

scholarly journals Managing compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code: China’s strategies and their implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien-Chin Tan ◽  
Alan Bairner ◽  
Yu-Wen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
High Price ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Winter Olympics ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year

With the problems of doping in sport becoming more serious, the World Anti-Doping Code was drafted by the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2003 and became effective one year later. Since its passage, the Code has been renewed four times, with the fourth and latest version promulgated in January 2015. The Code was intended to tackle the problems of doping in sports through cooperation with governments to ensure fair competition as well as the health of athletes. To understand China’s strategies for managing compliance with the Code and also the implications behind those strategies, this study borrows ideas from theories of compliance. China’s high levels of performance in sport, judged by medal success, have undoubtedly placed the country near the top of the global sports field. Therefore, how China acts in relation to international organizations, and especially how it responds to the World Anti-Doping Agency, is highly significant for the future of elite sport and for the world anti-doping regime. Through painstaking efforts, the researchers visited Beijing to conduct field research four times and interviewed a total of 22 key sports personnel, including officials at the General Administration of Sports of China, the China Anti-Doping Agency, and individual sport associations, as well as sport scholars and leading officials of China’s professional sports leagues. In response to the World Anti-Doping Agency, China developed strategies related to seven institutional factors: ‘monitoring’, ‘verification’, ‘horizontal linkages’, ‘nesting’, ‘capacity building’, ‘national concern’ and ‘institutional profile’. As for the implications, the Chinese government is willing and able to comply with the World Anti-Doping Agency Code. In other words, the Chinese government is willing to pay a high price in terms of money, manpower and material resources so that it can recover from the disgrace suffered as a result of doping scandals in the 1990s. The government wants to ensure that China’s prospects as a participant, bidder and host of mega sporting events are not compromised, especially as the host of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.

scholarly journals Technological advances in elite marathon performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon W. Senefeld ◽  
Michael H. Haischer ◽  
Andrew M. Jones ◽  
Chad C. Wiggins ◽  
Rachel Beilfuss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Full Cohort ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
World Class ◽  
Marathon Performance ◽  
Performance Enhancing

ABSTRACTThere is scientific and legal controversy about recent technological advances in performance running shoes that reduce the energetic cost of running and may provide a distinct competitive advantage. To better understand the potential performance-enhancing effects of Nike’s pioneering marathon racing shoes, we examined the finishing times and racing shoes of the top 50 male and 50 female runners from the World Marathon Major series in the 2010s — before and after the introduction of new Nike shoe models (4%, NEXT%, Alphafly, and other prototypes; herein referred to as neoteric Nikes). Data for racing shoes were available for 3,886 of the 3,900 performances recorded at the four annual marathons in Boston, London, Chicago, and New York. In full cohort analyses, marathon finishing times were 2.0% or 2.8 min (138.5 ± 8.1 min vs. 141.3 ± 7.4 min, P<0.001) faster for male runners wearing neoteric Nikes compared to other shoes. For females, marathon finishing times were 2.6% or 4.3 min (159.1 ± 10.0 min vs. 163.4 ± 10.7 min, P<0.001) faster for runners wearing neoteric Nikes. In a subset of within-runner changes in marathon performances (males, n = 138; females, n = 101), marathon finishing times improved by 0.8% or 1.2 min for males wearing neoteric Nikes relative to the most recent marathon in which other shoes were worn, and this performance-enhancing effect was greater among females who demonstrated 1.6% or 3.7 min improvement (P=0.002). Our results demonstrate that marathon performances for world-class athletes are substantially faster wearing neoteric Nikes than other market-leading shoes, particularly among females.

scholarly journals Can a Person with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder be an Athlete?

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Alexandru Robert Vlad ◽  
Andreea Ioana Lungu
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Elite Athlete ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorder ◽  
Occupational Functioning ◽  
Stimulant Drugs ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The World ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency

AbstractAttention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that impairs academic, social and occupational functioning in children, adolescents and adults. It is characterized by excessive activity, restlessness, and nervousness. The disease occurs in general at children before the age of 7 and usually is not easy to be detected, due to various symptoms. When the diagnosis is established the physician can prescribe two types of drugs, stimulants: amphetamine, dexamphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, and non-stimulants such as: guanfacine, atomoxetine, and clonidine. So what can be done for a person who has ADHD, and wants to be an elite athlete? Due to the rules established by the World Anti-Doping Agency the stimulant drugs are prohibited in competition and if traces of a prohibited substance are detected in the sample of blood of the athlete his access to competition can be blocked from 2-4 years, from that date of the incident. Fortunately for some athletes the disease was acute in childhood but as they grew up the symptoms were reminiscent and they could concentrate at the sporting task that was supposed to be achieved. What about those athletes that still have the symptoms? Well, they can be treated with the non-stimulant drugs, but their doctor must monthly verify if the list of prohibited drugs has been changed. In conclusion we can say that ADHD can be an impediment, but with the help of parents, teachers, and physicians the athlete can achieve very good performances.

scholarly journals Unnatural Technology in a “Natural” Practice? Human Nature and Performance-Enhancing Technology in Sport

Philosophies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Lopez Frias
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Work Ethic ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Protestant Ethic ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Spirit Of Sport ◽  
Do So

(1) Background: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) utilizes three criteria to include a technology in the List of Banned Substances and Methods—performance enhancement, health, and the spirit of sport. The latter is arguably the most fundamental one, as WADA justifies the anti-doping mission by appealing to it. (2) Method: Given the interrelationship among the notions of “human nature,” “natural talent,” and “sport,” I investigate what view of human nature underpins the “spirit of sport” criterion. To do so, I focus on both WADA’s official documents and scholarly formulations of the spirit of sport (that align with that of WADA). (3) Results: I show that the value attributed to excellence and effort in WADA’s formulation of the “spirit of sport” criterion has its roots in the notion of human nature of the work ethic that resulted from the secularization of the Protestant ethic. (4) Conclusion: Drawing on my analysis of the “spirit of sport” criterion, I pose critical questions concerning the justification of WADA’s anti-doping campaign and a tentative solution to move forward in the debate.

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