scholarly journals The annual cannabis holiday and fatal traffic crashes

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Harper ◽  
Adam Palayew
Keyword(s):  
Reporting System ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Traffic Crashes ◽  
Fatal Accidents ◽  
Impaired Driving ◽  
Daily Variations ◽  
Fatal Crashes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundCannabis use has been linked to impaired driving and fatal accidents. Prior evidence suggests the potential for population-wide effects of the annual cannabis celebration on April 20th (‘4/20’), but evidence to date is limited.MethodsWe used data from the Fatal Analysis Reporting System for the years 1975–2016 to estimate the impact of ‘4/20’ on drivers involved in fatal traffic crashes occurring between 16:20 and 23:59 hours in the USA. We compared the effects of 4/20 with those for other major holidays, and evaluated whether the impact of ‘4/20’ had changed in recent years.ResultsBetween 1992 and 2016, ‘4/20’ was associated with an increase in the number of drivers involved in fatal crashes (IRR 1.12, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.28) relative to control days 1 week before and after, but not when compared with control days 1 and 2 weeks before and after (IRR 1.05, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.28) or all other days of the year (IRR 0.98, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.10). Across all years we found little evidence to distinguish excess drivers involved in fatal crashes on 4/20 from routine daily variations.ConclusionsThere is little evidence to suggest population-wide effects of the annual cannabis holiday on the number of drivers involved in fatal traffic crashes.

scholarly journals The Annual Cannabis Holiday and Fatal Traffic Crashes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Harper ◽  
Adam Palayew
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
The United States ◽  
Traffic Crashes ◽  
Impaired Driving ◽  
Fatal Crashes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cannabis use has been linked to impaired driving and fatal accidents. Prior evidence suggests the potential for population-wide effects of the annual cannabis celebration on April 20th ("4/20"), but evidence to date is limited.Methods: We used data from the Fatal Analysis Reporting System for the years 1975-2016 to estimate the impact of "4/20" on drivers involved in fatal traffic crashes occurring between 1620h and 2359h in the United States. We compared the effects of 4/20 to those for other major holidays, and evaluated whether the impact of "4/20" had changed in recent years. Results: Between 1992-2016 "4/20" was associated with an increase in the number of drivers involved in fatal crashes (Incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 1.12, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.28) relative to control days one week before and after, but not when compared with control days one and two weeks before and after (IRR 1.05, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.28) or all days of the year (IRR 0.98, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.10). Across all years we found little evidence to distinguish excess drivers involved in fatal crashes on 4/20 from routine daily variations. Conclusions: There is little evidence to suggest population-wide effects of the annual cannabis holiday on the number of drivers involved in fatal traffic crashes.

The Israeli–Lebanese war of 2006: consequences for Lebanon

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-210
Author(s):  
Ziad Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Arab Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Major Consequence ◽  
Political Narrative ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

This article focuses on the political narrative in Lebanon before and after the Israeli war against Lebanon in 2006. It revolves around the subject of national unity as a sine qua non condition for success for the Lebanese resistance led by Hezbollah. A major consequence of the narrative on national unity is the need to build a modern state and establish a cohesive defence policy. The paper also examines the impact of the war on Lebanon's economy and on its relations with the rest of the world (the USA, France, Syria, Arab countries, and Iran).

Cigarette and cigar sales in Hawaii before and after implementation of a Tobacco 21 Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Glover-Kudon ◽  
Doris G Gammon ◽  
Todd Rogers ◽  
Ellen M Coats ◽  
Brett Loomis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionOn 1 January 2016, Hawaii raised the minimum legal age for tobacco access from 18 to 21 years (‘Tobacco 21 (T21)’) statewide, with no special population exemptions. We assessed the impact of Hawaii’s T21 policy on sales of cigarettes and large cigars/cigarillos in civilian food stores, including menthol/flavoured product sales share.MethodsCigarette and large cigar/cigarillo sales and menthol/flavoured sales share were assessed in Hawaii, California (implemented T21 in June 2016 with a military exemption), and the US mainland using the only Nielsen data consistently available for each geographical area. Approximate monthly sales data from large-scale food stores with sales greater than US$2 million/year covered June 2012 to February 2017. Segmented regression analyses estimated changes in sales from prepolicy to postpolicy implementation periods.ResultsFollowing T21 in Hawaii, average monthly cigarette unit sales dropped significantly (−4.4%, p<0.01) coupled with a significant decrease in menthol market share (−0.8, p<0.01). This combination of effects was not observed in comparison areas. Unit sales of large cigars/cigarillos decreased significantly in each region following T21 implementation. T21 policies in Hawaii and California showed no association with flavoured/menthol cigar sales share, but there was a significant increase in flavoured/menthol cigar sales share in the USA (7.1%, p<0.01) relative to Hawaii’s implementation date, suggesting T21 may have attenuated an otherwise upward trend.ConclusionsAs part of a comprehensive approach to prevent or delay tobacco use initiation, T21 laws may help to reduce sales of cigarette and large cigar products most preferred by US youth and young adults.

scholarly journals The TEAM (Trauma Evaluation and Management) course: medical student knowledge gains and retention in the USA versus Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison E Berndtson ◽  
Martin Morna ◽  
Samuel Debrah ◽  
Raul Coimbra
Keyword(s):  
Trauma Care ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Knowledge Deficit ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Knowledge Gains ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionTrauma and injury are significant contributors to the global burden of disease, with 5 million deaths and 250 million disability-adjusted life years lost in 2015. This burden is disproportionally borne by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Solutions are complex, but one area for improvement is basic trauma education. The American College of Surgeons has developed the Trauma Evaluation and Management (TEAM) course as an introduction to trauma care for medical students. We hypothesized that the TEAM course would be an effective educational program in LMICs and result in increased knowledge gains and retention similar to students in high-income countries (HICs).MethodsThe TEAM course was taught and students evaluated at two sites, one LMIC (Ghana) and one HIC (USA), after obtaining approval from the HIC Institutional Review Board and medical schools at both sites. Participation was optional for all students and results were de-identified. The course was administered by a single educator for all sessions. Multiple-choice exams were given before and after the course, and again 6 months later.ResultsA total of 62 LMIC and 64 HIC students participated in the course and completed initial testing. Demographics for the two groups were similar, as was participant attrition over time. LMIC students started with a relative knowledge deficit, scoring lower on both pre-course and post-course tests than HIC students, but gained more knowledge during the initial teaching session. After 6 months, the LMIC students continued to improve, whereas the HIC students’ knowledge had regressed. Most students recommended course expansion.ConclusionThe TEAM course is a useful tool to provide the basic principles of trauma care to students in LMICs, and should be expanded. Further study is needed to determine the impact of TEAM education on patient care in LMICs.Level of evidenceLevel III; Care Management

scholarly journals Marijuana Decriminalization, Medical Marijuana Laws, and Fatal Traffic Crashes in US Cities, 2010–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda C. Cook ◽  
Gregory Leung ◽  
Rhet A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Medical Marijuana ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Traffic Crashes ◽  
Fatal Crashes ◽  
Marijuana Decriminalization ◽  
Medical Marijuana Laws ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Us Cities

Objectives. To determine the impact of city-level cannabis decriminalization and medical marijuana laws (MMLs) on fatal traffic crashes in US cities. Methods. Using a census of fatal traffic crashes from the 2010 to 2017 Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we examined MMLs and cannabis decriminalization on fatal crashes by age and sex of driver. We used a Poisson difference-in-differences approach, exploiting temporal and geographic variation in marijuana decriminalization laws. Results. Cities experienced a 13% increase in fatal crashes involving 15- to 24-year-old male drivers following decriminalization (incidence rate ratio = 1.125; 95% confidence interval = 1.014, 1.249). This effect was immediate and strongest on weekend nights. We found no effect on female drivers or older males. Conversely, we found that MMLs were associated with fewer fatal crashes for both males and females, which was most pronounced in 15- to 24-year-old drivers. Conclusions. Unlike MMLs, which are associated with fewer fatal crashes, cities experienced a relative increase in fatal crashes involving young male drivers following marijuana decriminalization. Public Health Implications. MMLs stipulate consumption occurs at home, whereas decriminalization only lessens the penalty for marijuana possession. Therefore, travel incentives of such laws have heterogeneous effects on traffic safety.

scholarly journals Heritability of Substance Use in the NAS-NRC Twin Registry

1990 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Carmelli ◽  
G.E. Swan ◽  
D. Robinette ◽  
R.R. Fabsitz
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Epidemiologic Survey ◽  
Twin Registry ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Male Twin

AbstractThis study examines the heritability of cigarette smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption in 4,960 adult, male twin pairs (2,390 MZ and 2,570 DZ pairs) participants in an epidemiologic survey of the NAS-NRC Twin Registry conducted in the USA during 1972-73. Heritability estimates for smoking, alcohol and coffee use were calculated both before and after adjustment for shared variance between these behaviors and other demographic characteristics including socioeconomic status and an occupational adjustment score. The objective of the analysis was to determine the impact of adjustment for covariates on heritability estimates of smoking, alcohol and coffee use. Before adjustment, genetic effects in smoking, alcohol and coffee use accounted for 53%, 36%, and 45% of the variance, respectively. After adjustment, the corresponding estimates were 35%, 29%, and 36%. The fact that these estimates remained significant after adjustment for covariates leads to increased confidence about the role of genetic factors in substance use behaviors.

“Eyes on the Street”: The Impact of Tennessee's Emergency Cellular Telephone Program on Alcohol-Related Fatal Crashes

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart J. D'Alessio ◽  
Lisa Stolzenberg ◽  
W. Clinton Terry
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Highway Safety ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Multiple Time Series ◽  
Cellular Telephone ◽  
Fatal Crash ◽  
Fatal Crashes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Percent Decline

Using longitudinal data drawn from Tennessee's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and a multiple time-series research design, the authors assessed whether an emergency cellular telephone program, established on April 1, 1995, reduced alcohol-related fatal crashes. Maximum-likelihood results revealed a 2.5 percent decline in the alcohol-related fatal crash rate on roads serviced by the program. No significant change in the monthly percentage of fatal crashes attributed to drunk drivers was observed on roads where the program was not implemented. Emergency cellular telephone programs show promise as an effective and relatively inexpensive means for improving highway safety.

Fentanyl and Driving Impairment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy P Rohrig ◽  
Emily Nash ◽  
Kei A Osawa ◽  
Xiaoqin Shan ◽  
Colleen Scarneo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Impaired Driving ◽  
Naloxone Administration ◽  
Driving Impairment ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Opioid Users ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The incidence of fentanyl in forensic toxicology analyses in the USA has dramatically increased over the past several years. The increase in death cases has been well studied; however, little has been reported on the impact to drug impaired driving. Fentanyl driving while under the influence of drugs (DUID) case data from 2014 to 2019 is presented. The data were obtained from three toxicology laboratories in the Northeast, Southeast, and Midwest regions of the USA. Fentanyl whole blood concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 157 ng/mL in living drivers with a 466% to 524% increase in fentanyl-positive DUID cases from 2014 to 2019, depending on the US region. The vast majority of fentanyl cases involved poly-drug use. Twenty case histories are presented where fentanyl was the only drug identified. The mean (standard deviation) fentanyl concentration for these cases was 5.2 ± 3.8 ng/mL with a median of 3.7 ng/mL, and the concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 16 ng/mL. Naloxone administration was documented in exactly half of these cases similar to another study involving carfentanil-impaired driving. The case histories also demonstrate that some recreational opioid users may display limited signs of impairment either due to tolerance or naloxone administration. The top three observations in common among the cases were the driver was found unresponsive behind the wheel, the vehicle left the travel lane or roadway, and the driver was involved in a crash. The increase in fentanyl use not only poses a risk for overdose and death, but is also a significant concern for traffic safety. This study supports the movement of fentanyl from a Tier II drug to Tier I due to its significant potential for impairment and increase in prevalence in impaired driving cases.

Ethnographic study on the Harley Davidson culture and community

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeromy Corey ◽  
Phil Millage
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – One of the most powerful and organizing methods in the world today revolves around the activities that individuals participate in and the subsequent interpersonal relationships that give people meaning in life. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Today's society longs to add meaning and identity to their lives in a variety of ways. A sense of belonging, or a sense of community, has proven very impactful on the lives of many and creates certain changes to an individual's mindset that relate to the specific subsets of culture and consumption to which they identify with. Findings – The authors find that Harley Davidson has a strong following in the USA and suggest that it might also have one in China. Originality/value – In this paper, the authors attempt to define and better categorize a subset of the Harley Davidson following, while studying the habits, relationships, and reasoning behind both the new motorcycle owners, and the veterans of the Harley Davidson way of life. The authors will also attempt to analyze the role relationships (spouse, significant other, and friends or relatives) play in the decision to join this niche subculture. Analyzing these potential and newly converted Harley Davidson customers to gain insight and understanding about the deciding social factors at play in choosing this brand over the others is a primary focus. In studying this unique subculture of consumption, the authors hope to better understand the development and rationale of new Harley Davidson riders and to measure certain personal levels of enjoyment on an individual or group setting, and to analyze the impact on ones social image before and after purchase.

scholarly journals Expectations after expecting: the impact of first birth on the fertility expectations of one child women in the USA and UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyce Raybould ◽  
Rebecca Sear
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
National Longitudinal Survey ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Fertility Expectations ◽  
New Information ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Impact

Expectations for having children are hypothesised to be predominantly influenced by societal family norms at young ages, and are adjusted during the life course in response to changing circumstances and new information. The onset of parenthood is likely to be a key event that affects expectations. This paper explores whether the expectations of women who have only one child (one child women) change in the five years before and after first birth, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (USA) and Understanding Society (UK). We aim to determine whether one child women are distinct in their expectations from women who go on to higher parities even before first birth, and whether the event of first birth is a catalyst for changing expectations. Our results show that, in both contexts, one child women expect closer to two children prior to, compared to after, first birth, when the trajectory declines more steeply towards one. One child women also expect fewer than higher parity mothers by the time of first birth. Our findings suggest that although one child women already expect fewer children compared to other mothers prior to first birth, their expectations are particularly affected by the onset of parenthood.

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