Finally a Smoking Gun? Compensating Differentials and the Introduction of Smoking Bans

Using the staggered introduction of smoking bans in the German hospitality industry over 2007–2008, I find a robust 2.4 percent decline in the daily earnings of workers in bars and restaurants associated with the most comprehensive smoking ban. This effect is unlikely to be driven by a decline in hospitality revenues or hours worked but is consistent with a simple model of compensating differentials. (JEL I12, I18, J22, J31, J81, L83)

Robots Don't Pay Taxes: Deindustrialization and Fiscal Decline

Deindustrialization has fundamentally reshaped the economic geography of the United States. Between 1993 and 2007 alone, increasing automation—the use of industrial robots to perform tasks done by human workers—led to the loss of upwards of 750,000 jobs, primarily in the industrial Midwest and Northeast. Prior research demonstrates the social consequences of manufacturing’s decline extend beyond its impact on workers to undermine the health and economic prospects of entire communities. But through which mechanisms? This study examines the impact of increasing automation on local government finance. Exploiting spatial variation in the adoption of industrial robots, we find each additional robot per 1,000 workers is associated with a 10 percent relative decline in local government own-source revenues, a decline that is only partially offset by intergovernmental transfers. Moreover, we find that each robot per 1,000 workers leads to an 8 percent decline in K-12 education spending and a 30 percent decline in health spending. Our findings provide direct evidence of an oft-theorized but rarely examined mechanism through which place directly shapes life chances. We use our theoretical framework to motivate a Fiscal Sociology of place that centers the role of fiscal structures in the production of place-based inequalities.

The effects of phosphocreatine disodium salts plus blueberry extract supplementation on muscular strength, power, and endurance

Background Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of creatine supplementation for improvements in exercise performance. Few studies, however, have examined the effects of phosphocreatine supplementation on exercise performance. Furthermore, while polyphenols have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, little is known regarding the influence of polyphenol supplementation on muscular strength, power, and endurance. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of 28 days of supplementation with phosphocreatine disodium salts plus blueberry extract (PCDSB), creatine monohydrate (CM), and placebo on measures of muscular strength, power, and endurance. Methods Thirty-three men were randomly assigned to consume either PCDSB, CM, or placebo for 28 days. Peak torque (PT), average power (AP), and percent decline for peak torque (PT%) and average power (AP%) were assessed from a fatigue test consisting of 50 maximal, unilateral, isokinetic leg extensions at 180°·s− 1 before and after the 28 days of supplementation. Individual responses were assessed to examine the proportion of subjects that exceeded a minimal important difference (MID). Results The results demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) improvements in PT for the PCDSB and CM groups from pre- (99.90 ± 22.47 N·m and 99.95 ± 22.50 N·m, respectively) to post-supplementation (119.22 ± 29.87 N·m and 111.97 ± 24.50 N·m, respectively), but no significant (p = 0.112) change for the placebo group. The PCDSB and CM groups also exhibited significant improvements in AP from pre- (140.18 ± 32.08 W and 143.42 ± 33.84 W, respectively) to post-supplementation (170.12 ± 42.68 W and 159.78 ± 31.20 W, respectively), but no significant (p = 0.279) change for the placebo group. A significantly (p < 0.05) greater proportion of subjects in the PCDSB group exceeded the MID for PT compared to the placebo group, but there were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in the proportion of subjects exceeding the MID between the CM and placebo groups or between the CM and PCDSB groups. Conclusions These findings indicated that for the group mean responses, 28 days of supplementation with both PCDSB and CM resulted in increases in PT and AP. The PCDSB, however, may have an advantage over CM when compared to the placebo group for the proportion of individuals that respond favorably to supplementation with meaningful increases in muscular strength.

Advancing the Agency of Adolescent Girls

More than 98 million adolescent girls are not in school. Can girls inuence their schooling without changes in their family's economic environment? In Rajasthan, India, we examine the impact of a school-based life skills program that seeks to address low aspirations, narrow societal roles for girls and women, restricted networks of social support, and limited decision-making power. We find the intervention causes a 25 percent decline in school dropout that persists from seventh grade through the transition to high school. Improvements in socioemotional support among girls exposed to the intervention seem especially important in their decision to stay in school.

Aktivitas Antihiperurisemia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) Pada Mencit Putih Jantan

Hyperuricemia is a disease caused by an increase in uric acid levels in the blood. Currently, various treatments are developed by utilizing natural ingredients as an anti-hyperuricemia. Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) is one of the plants that contain a natural compound that can use as an anti-hyperuricemia treatment is the leaves of sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.). The aim of this study to determine the anti-hyperuricemia activity of the ethanol extract of Sungkai leaves. The test animals used in this study were male white mice Wistar strain. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 groups consisting of negative control (Na CMC 0.5%) positive control (allopurinol 10 mg / kg BW), treatment 1 (extract 125 mg / kg BW), treatment 2 (extract 250 mg / kg BW) and treatment 3 (extract 500 mg / kg BW). The parameters seen were uric acid levels measured using the POCT (Point of Care Test) method and analyzed using One Way Anova statistical analysis and Duncan's continued test. Our results showed that the treatment group with a dose of 125-500 mg / Kg BW reduce uric acid levels in mice. The best dose was a dose of 500 mg / Kg BW in reducing uric acid levels in mice with percent decline of 38.66%.

Rajshahi, A pollution free city: Effects of implied elements and battery rickshaw towards a sustainable environment

This paper describes how the city of Rajshahi fought back air pollution through adopting mitigation measures by identifying every possible contributing factors of the pollution. The paper also includes how implementing battery operated rickshaw as a means of intercity transportation impacted the pollution level and contributed towards sustainable environment. The paper covers the details about the problem identification process and the mitigation measures taken by the engineers in the Rajshahi City Corporation. As a result of the steps taken, Rajshahi showed a 67.2% percent decline in concentration of PM10 particles, from 195 micrograms per cubic meter of air volume in 2014 to 64 micrograms for cubic meters. This was the largest percentage reduction in PM10 concentration worldwide. PM2.5 concentration also nearly halved from 70 micrograms per cubic meter to micrograms per cubic meter. The report where this achievement was announced was published by World Health Organization (WHO). By analyzing the discussion it was concluded that Rajshahi was a model city and can be considered as a benchmark and ideal for other cities to follow to reduce air pollution and create a sustainable environment.

The Impact of Corona-Virus Pandemic Effected the Air Pollution in India

: In a country like India, where the major decease are been caused because of the Air pollution, which has affected around 4 million lives because of this pollution only, the cause of the rise in Air pollution is not only from the factories but also the vehicles which use to run on the streets as corona-virus can stay in the air for around 30 minutes, which can cause problems to millions of lives moving on the street, mostly the poor. In India air pollution has rated to almost least in the past 20 years which has contributed to the break from spreading.In India, Delhi and other most populated states stated a drastic downfall in Air pollution with about 60 percent decline in air pollution of PM - 2.5 particularly known as “fine particulate matters” in Delhi when compared with 2019 while the pollution control in other countries couldn’t see much change and which has also seen a rise in corona-virus cases.In this paper we have analyzed the impact of rising in the number of the corona-virus cases concerning the most polluted cities to state the actual scenario that is air pollution leads to a rise in a pandemic situation. This paper is primarily based on secondary sources of data collection including the state-wise downfall in the level of air pollution, impact on the environment from the deadly disease i.e. Corona-virus, prospects, impact on the health of the individual

Baby Bust: Falling Fertility in US Counties Is Associated with COVID-19 Prevalence and Mobility Reductions

The United States experienced a 3.8 percent decline in births for 2020 compared with 2019, but the rate of decline was much faster at the end of the year (8 percent in December), suggesting dramatic early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which began affecting social life in late March 2020. Using birth data from Florida and Ohio counties through February 2021, this analysis examines whether and how much falling birth rates were associated with local pandemic conditions, specifically infection rates and reductions in geographic mobility. Results show that the vast majority of counties experienced declining births, suggestive of a general influence of the pandemic, but also that declines were steeper in places with greater prevalence of COVID-19 infections and more extensive reductions in mobility. The latter result is consistent with more direct influences of the pandemic on family planning or sexual behavior. The idea that social isolation would cause an increase in subsequent births receives no support.

ANALISIS KEUNGGULAN KOMPARATIF DAN KOMPETITIF KOPI DENGAN ADANYA SERTIFIKASI COMMON CODE FOR THE COFFEE COMMUNITY (4C) DI KECAMATAN SUMBEREJO KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS

This research aims to analyze comparative advantage, competitive advantage, the impact of government policies on input output of certified coffee farming, and analyze the sensitivity of changes in input and outputprices to the comparative advantage and competitive advantage of coffee farming in Sumberejo Subdistrict Tanggamus District. The samples of 25 farmers were taken simply randomly from 133 coffee farmers who applied 4C coffee certification. Data were analyzed using PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix). The results showed that 4C certification coffee farming in Sumberejo Subdistrict of Tanggamus District had a competitive advantage with value of Private Cost Ratio of 0.53 and comparative advantage with of Domestic Cost Ratio of 0.38. Comparative advantage was sensitive to 20.31 percent decline in production volume and 40 percent decline in farm output price. Increase in input price due to revocation of subsidies reduced competitive and comparative advantages. Competitive and comparative advantages were not sensitive to an increase in input price.Key words: certified, coffee, comparative, competitive, PAM

Effects of Different Inter-Set Rest Intervals during the Nordic Hamstring Exercise in Young Male Athletes

Context The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is known to reduce hamstrings injury (HIS) risk in athletes. In order to optimise the NHE it is important to understand how acute resistance training variables influence its performance. Objective To examine the effects of different inter-set rest intervals (ISRI) on force indices during performance of the NHE. Design: Crossover Study. Setting Laboratory based. Patients or Participants Ten (age = 20.7 ± 2.3 years; height = 179.4 ± 5.5 cm; body mass = 83.9 ± 12.4 kg) well-trained young male team-sport athletes. Intervention Participants performed 2 x 6 repetitions of the NHE with either a SHORT (one-minute) or LONG (three-minute) ISRI. All sets were performed on the NordBord. Main Outcomes Measure(s) Peak force (N), average force (N), percent maintenance (%) and percent decline (%) were recorded for both dominant and non-dominant limbs as well as inter-limb force asymmetries (%) calculated. Results Analyses revealed no statistically significant interactions or main effects (p &gt; 0.05) between conditions and sets in all variables. However, analysis of individual repetitions showed significant reductions (p &lt; 0.05, ES = 0.58–1.28) in peak force from repetition four onwards. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a one-minute ISRI is sufficient to maintain force production qualities and inter-limb asymmetries between sets during the NHE in well-trained athletes. However, practitioners should be aware of the potentially high decrements in peak force production that may occur within the set.