scholarly journals Depletion of neuroendocrine cells in rectal biopsy specimens from HIV positive patients.

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 524-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B McCullough ◽  
P A Batman ◽  
A R Miller ◽  
P M Sedgwick ◽  
G E Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Biopsy ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Biopsy Specimens

Total Colonic Aganglionosis: Case Report, Practical Diagnostic Approach and Pitfalls

2010 ◽  
Vol 134 (10) ◽  
pp. 1467-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Rabah
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Hirschsprung Disease ◽  
Rectal Biopsy ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Total Colonic Aganglionosis ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Suction Rectal Biopsy ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Staining

Abstract Hirschsprung disease remains a challenging diagnosis for many pathologists. The disease is characterized by a lack of ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexus, associated with increased numbers of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers. Hypertrophic nerve fibers are present in most but not all patients. Total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) is an uncommon form of Hirschsprung disease with clinical, histologic, and genetic differences and is even more difficult to diagnose and manage. This case illustrates some of the difficulties frequently faced by the pathologists dealing with total colonic aganglionosis. Suction rectal biopsy specimens often lack significant nerve hypertrophy and positive acetylcholinesterase staining, which aid in the diagnosis. Pathologists have to depend mainly on the lack of ganglion cells in adequate submucosa to establish the diagnosis. Transition zone is often long in total colonic aganglionosis and interpretation of frozen sections can be difficult. The presence of several uniformly distributed clusters of mature ganglion cells and lack of nerve hypertrophy are required to avoid connections at the transition zone.

Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 805-808
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Wiswell ◽  
James S. Rawlings ◽  
James L. Wilson ◽  
Gary Pettett
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Plain Film ◽  
Rectal Biopsy ◽  
Exploratory Laparotomy ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Bladder Obstruction ◽  
Distended Abdomen ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Hypoperistalsis Syndrome

The syndrome of megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis has been reported in a total of seven female infants. Massive abdominal distention secondary to a distended urinary Fig 1. Plain film of markedly distended abdomen with no air beyond stomach. Stomach is displaced upward toward left. der was the major presenting characteristic. Iutestinal hypoperistalsis, apparent in the early neonatal period, persists without improvement. Exploratory laparotomy reveals malrotation and malfixation of a small microcolon. No anatomic cause of intestinal or bladder obstruction can be found. Intestinal and/or rectal biopsy specimens contain abundant ganglion cells and nerve fibers. The outcome has been uniformly fatal, with survival in the reported cases ranging from two days to 34 months.

scholarly journals Audit of endoscopic surveillance biopsy specimens in HIV positive patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.

Gut ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1429-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
S G Lim ◽  
M C Lipman ◽  
S Squire ◽  
D Pillay ◽  
S Gillespie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Endoscopic Surveillance ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Biopsy Specimens

scholarly journals Antemortem Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Nasal Brush Collections and Rectal Biopsy Specimens from White-Tailed Deer by Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1108-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Haley ◽  
Chris Siepker ◽  
W. David Walter ◽  
Bruce V. Thomsen ◽  
Justin J. Greenlee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chronic Wasting Disease ◽  
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Rectal Biopsy ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Wasting Disease ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Biopsy Specimens

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, was first documented nearly 50 years ago in Colorado and Wyoming and has since spread to cervids in 23 states, two Canadian provinces, and the Republic of Korea. The expansion of this disease makes the development of sensitive diagnostic assays and antemortem sampling techniques crucial for the mitigation of its spread; this is especially true in cases of relocation/reintroduction of farmed or free-ranging deer and elk or surveillance studies of private or protected herds, where depopulation is contraindicated. This study sought to evaluate the sensitivity of the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay by using recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT) biopsy specimens and nasal brush samples collected antemortem from farmed white-tailed deer (n= 409). Antemortem findings were then compared to results from ante- and postmortem samples (RAMALT, brainstem, and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes) evaluated by using the current gold standardin vitroassay, immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. We hypothesized that the sensitivity of RT-QuIC would be comparable to IHC analysis in antemortem tissues and would correlate with both the genotype and the stage of clinical disease. Our results showed that RAMALT testing by RT-QuIC assay had the highest sensitivity (69.8%) compared to that of postmortem testing, with a specificity of >93.9%. These data suggest that RT-QuIC, like IHC analysis, is an effective assay for detection of PrPCWDin rectal biopsy specimens and other antemortem samples and, with further research to identify more sensitive tissues, bodily fluids, or experimental conditions, has potential for large-scale and rapid automated testing for CWD diagnosis.

Primary Anal Canal Syphilis in Men: The Clinicopathologic Spectrum of an Easily Overlooked Diagnosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 139 (9) ◽  
pp. 1156-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purva Gopal ◽  
Rajal B. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Anal Canal ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Rectal Biopsy ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Sex With Men

Context The incidence of syphilis is on the rise, particularly in male patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive, and men who have sex with men. Objective To describe 4 cases of primary syphilis presenting in the anal canal to increase awareness of its presentation and morphology in this location, as the diagnosis can be easily overlooked clinically and by the pathologist. Design Clinical presentation, hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections, and Treponema pallidum immunohistochemical staining were reviewed in detail in all 4 cases. Results Three patients presented with anal canal ulcers; one presented with an ulcerated anal mass. All 4 patients were male, of whom 2 were HIV positive. Syphilis was clinically suspected in only 1 case; in 2 cases, confirmatory evaluation and treatment were prompted by pathologic diagnosis. In the fourth case, syphilis was diagnosed serologically at time of biopsy; however, the patient had an anal mass, and malignancy was clinically suspected. All 4 cases had bandlike chronic plasma cell–rich inflammation at the squamous epithelium and lamina propria junction; 2 cases had poorly formed granulomas. One case had concomitant rectal biopsy specimens with proctitis. Treponema pallidum immunohistochemistry highlighted homing of organisms in a perivascular pattern and at the junction of squamous epithelium and lamina propria. Conclusions Syphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anal canal ulcers, anorectal inflammatory masses, and proctitis. Detailed knowledge of clinical history and recognition of the characteristic pattern of inflammation by the pathologist is important. Treponema pallidum immunohistochemical staining can help avoid a missed diagnosis of syphilis, which, if left unrecognized, can progress to late-stage disease with serious complications.

scholarly journals 3160 The Effects of Aging on the Rectal Mucosal CD4+ T cell Compartment and its Implications for HIV Transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (s1) ◽  
pp. 115-116
Author(s):  
Cassie Grimsley Ackerley ◽  
Praveen Kumar Amancha ◽  
Phillip M. Murray ◽  
Jasper Barnes ◽  
Colleen F. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Target Cell ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Rectal Mucosa ◽  
Rectal Biopsy ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Hiv Susceptibility ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Hiv Negative

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: In the first aim, we will evaluate the proportion of highly HIV-susceptible memory CD4+ T cells present in the rectal mucosa, based on the proliferation status and expression of the HIV susceptibility markers, CCR5 and α4β7, between HIV-negative adolescent MSM and adult MSM engaging in RAI. The second aim will assess differences between the two study groups in the ratio of Th17 cells (CD4+ IL17+) to Treg cells (CD4+ FoxP3+ CD25+) in the rectal mucosa as a determinant of mucosal inflammation. Finally, in the third aim, we will utilize ex vivo rectal biopsy explant challenge experiments to examine whether HIV target cell availability and the Th17/Treg ratio influence rectal mucosal HIV susceptibility. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Rectal biopsy specimens are being collected from healthy, HIV-negative men that comprise the two study groups: 40 adolescent MSM 18-21 years of age who have engaged in RAI at least once previously in their lifetime and 40 adult MSM ≥35 years of age who have engaged in RAI for the previous 5 consecutive years with a minimum of 12 episodes annually. To identify CD4+ subsets of interest for aims 1 and 2, rectal mucosal mononuclear cells are isolated and phenotyped with CD45, CD3, CD4, CD45RA, CCR7, CD69, CCR5, α4β7, Ki67, FOXP3, and CD25 antibodies. To identify the Th17 cell subtype, the cells are stimulated with PMA/Ionamycin and stained with an antibody specific to IL-17A. Using cross-sectional analyses, we will compare the frequencies of mucosal CD4+ T cells that express certain phenotypic characteristics and evaluate differences in the Th17/Treg ratio between adolescent and adult MSM. For aim 3, rectal biopsy specimens are inoculated with HIV virus and the culture supernatant is assayed for p24 concentration on days 3, 7, 10 14, and 18. Longitudinal analyses will be performed to detect differences in p24 concentration at each time point and assess associations with mucosal target cell availability and with the Th17/Treg ratio. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that younger age will be associated with enhanced memory CD4+ T cell proliferation and increased expression of HIV susceptibility markers (CCR5 and/or α4β7). In addition, we expect that the rectal mucosa of adolescent MSM will demonstrate a higher Th17/Treg ratio as compared to adult MSM, which could facilitate HIV transmission. It is also anticipated that rectal mucosal immune phenotypes characterized by increased HIV target cell availability and high Th17/Treg ratios will be associated with enhanced mucosal HIV susceptibility in the explant challenge model. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: There is a paucity of information regarding the mechanisms of rectal HIV transmission, and no studies to date investigate the immunologic effects of aging on transmission in the rectal mucosa. The results from this study will provide important information regarding age-related differences in the immune cell composition of the rectal mucosa as a critical step in better understanding immunologic factors that influence rectal HIV transmission.

scholarly journals Rectal cell proliferation and colon cancer risk in patients with hypergastrinaemia

Gut ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Renga ◽  
G Brandi ◽  
G M Paganelli ◽  
C Calabrese ◽  
S Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Rectal Biopsy ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Colorectal Mucosa ◽  
Colon Cancer Risk ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Colorectal Cell ◽  
Patient Groups

Background—The influence of gastrin on the colonic mucosa is still uncertain. Some authors have suggested a stimulating effect on the growth of normal and malignant colonic epithelium, while others have shown no association between gastrin and neoplastic development.Aims—To evaluate the effect of gastrin on colorectal cell proliferation, patients with chronic endogenous hypergastrinaemia underwent proctoscopy. Biopsy specimens were taken in order to study rectal cell kinetics.Patients and controls—Ten patients with chronic autoimmune gastritis (CAG), six patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), and 16 hospital controls took part in this study. Patients with CAG and ZES had basal serum gastrin concentrations significantly higher than controls (p<0.001).Methods—Immunohistochemistry was performed on 3 μm sections of rectal biopsy specimens incubated with 5′-bromodeoxyuridine.Results—The percentage of proliferating cells in the entire crypts (overall labelling index) was similar in all the groups. However, the labelling frequency in the upper two fifths of the glands (φh value) was significantly higher in patients with CAG or ZES compared with controls (p<0.01 in both patient groups versus controls).Conclusions—Endogenous hypergastrinaemia is associated with rectal cell proliferation defects, similar to those observed in conditions at high risk for colon cancer. The effect of the increased serum concentrations of gastrin on the colorectal mucosa after treatment with drugs inhibiting gastric acid secretion should be investigated.

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