scholarly journals Sensory attributes of e-cigarette flavours and nicotine as mediators of interproduct differences in appeal among young adults

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Leventhal ◽  
Junhan Cho ◽  
Jessica Barrington-Trimis ◽  
Raina Pang ◽  
Sara Schiff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Free Products ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Visual Analogue Scales ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Aversive Taste ◽  
Analogue Scales

ObjectiveTo estimate the extent to which specific sensory attributes, for example, smoothness, mediate differences in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) appeal between products in non-tobacco versus tobacco flavours and varying nicotine content in young adults.MethodE-cigarette users (n=100; aged 18–34 years) administered standardised two-puff e-cigarette doses of different products varying in a flavour (fruit, menthol, tobacco) × nicotine (nicotine-containing (6 mg/mL freebase), nicotine-free) within-subject design. Participants rated sensory attributes (sweetness, bitterness, smoothness and harshness) and appeal on 100-unit visual analogue scales after administering each product. Sensory ratings were tested as simultaneous mediators of flavour, nicotine and flavour × nicotine effects on appeal.ResultsAppeal preferences for fruit versus tobacco flavours were mediated by sweetness-enhancing (βindirect=0.092), smoothness-enhancing (βindirect=0.045) and bitterness-reducing (βindirect=0.072) effects of fruit flavours. Appeal preferences for menthol versus tobacco flavours were mediated by menthol’s smoothness-enhancing (βindirect=0.039) and bitterness-reducing (βindirect=0.034) effects. Lower appeal of nicotine-containing versus nicotine-free products was mediated by nicotine’s sweetness-reducing (βindirect=–0.036), smoothness-reducing (βindirect=–0.156) and bitterness-increasing (βindirect=0.045) effects. Flavour × nicotine interaction effects on appeal were explained by menthol-related suppression of nicotine’s bitterness-enhancing and sweetness-reducing mediation pathways and fruit-related suppression of nicotine’s bitterness-enhancing mediation pathway. Harshness did not mediate appeal after adjusting for other sensory attributes.ConclusionBitterness and smoothness may be cross-cutting mediators of interproduct variation in the effects of types of non-tobacco flavours and nicotine on e-cigarette appeal in young adults. Sweetness may also mediate appeal-enhancing effects of fruit and appeal-reducing effects of nicotine. Non-tobacco flavours may suppress appeal-reducing effects of nicotine in e-cigarettes through attenuation of nicotine’s aversive taste attributes.

Visual Analogue Scales for Smoking

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Thewissen ◽  
Steffie J. B. D. Snijders ◽  
Remco C. Havermans ◽  
Marcel van den Hout ◽  
Anita Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scales ◽  
Analogue Scales

scholarly journals Flavor and product messaging are the two most important drivers of electronic cigarette selection in a choice-based task

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison N. Baker ◽  
Stephen J. Wilson ◽  
John E. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Food Craving ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Nicotine Level ◽  
Utility Scores

AbstractElectronic cigarette use—vaping—is increasingly popular. Various product factors may influence an individual’s choice of e-cigarette. To provide an evidence base for e-cigarette regulation, a better understanding of the role different product attributes play in product preferences is needed. Here, we used conjoint analysis to quantify different factors that influence e-cigarettes choices, including flavors, nicotine level, customizability, or use of e-cigarettes to manage appetite/food craving. Young adults completed a set of choice-based conjoint tasks online. Choice Based Conjoint analysis (CBC) was used to determine utility scores for each attribute. Young adults (n = 587) who vaped at least once per week were included in analyses; gender differences were explored. Flavor was the most important attribute (48.1%), followed by product messaging (21.0%) and nicotine level (15.3%). Within flavor, confectionery and fruit flavors had the highest utility scores, while classic menthol and tobacco flavors had the lowest. Men and women differed in flavors, nicotine levels, and product messaging that appealed most. Among young adults who vape weekly, flavor is the most important factor in e-cigarette preferences. Gender also factors into e-cigarette preferences, especially for preferred nicotine level. Understanding why individuals choose particular e-cigarette products will help inform public health efforts and policy making.

scholarly journals Three-way interaction effects of early life stress, positive parenting and FKBP5 in the development of depressive symptoms in a general population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecka Keijser ◽  
Susanne Olofsdotter ◽  
Kent W. Nilsson ◽  
Cecilia Åslund
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Depressive Symptomology ◽  
Patterns Of Interaction

AbstractFKBP5 gene–environment interaction (cG × E) studies have shown diverse results, some indicating significant interaction effects between the gene and environmental stressors on depression, while others lack such results. Moreover, FKBP5 has a potential role in the diathesis stress and differential susceptibility theorem. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a cG × E interaction effect of FKBP5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or haplotype and early life stress (ELS) on depressive symptoms among young adults was moderated by a positive parenting style (PASCQpos), through the frameworks of the diathesis stress and differential susceptibility theorem. Data were obtained from the Survey of Adolescent Life in Västmanland Cohort Study, including 1006 participants and their guardians. Data were collected during 2012, when the participants were 13 and 15 years old (Wave I: DNA), 2015, when participants were 16 and 18 years old (Wave II: PASCQpos, depressive symptomology and ELS) and 2018, when participants were 19 and 21 years old (Wave III: depressive symptomology). Significant three-way interactions were found for the FKBP5 SNPs rs1360780, rs4713916, rs7748266 and rs9394309, moderated by ELS and PASCQpos, on depressive symptoms among young adults. Diathesis stress patterns of interaction were observed for the FKBP5 SNPs rs1360780, rs4713916 and rs9394309, and differential susceptibility patterns of interaction were observed for the FKBP5 SNP rs7748266. Findings emphasize the possible role of FKBP5 in the development of depressive symptoms among young adults and contribute to the understanding of possible differential susceptibility effects of FKBP5.

Validation of the Attitude-Older Adult and Aging-Visual Analogue Scales (At-O-A)

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 572-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ligon ◽  
Katie Ehlman ◽  
Gabriele Moriello ◽  
Colleen Russo ◽  
Kamila Miller
Keyword(s):  
Older Adult ◽  
Visual Analogue Scales ◽  
Analogue Scales

Chronic low back pain measurement with visual analogue scales in different settings

Pain ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ogon ◽  
Martin Krismer ◽  
Wolfgang Söllner ◽  
Wilhelm Kantner-Rumplmair ◽  
Astrid Lampe
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Chronic Low Back Pain ◽  
Pain Measurement ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Visual Analogue Scales ◽  
Analogue Scales

Comparison of fixed interval and visual analogue scales for rating chronic pain

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. B. Joyce ◽  
D. W. Zutshi ◽  
V. Hrubes ◽  
R. M. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Fixed Interval ◽  
Visual Analogue Scales ◽  
Analogue Scales

P0010 Sleep self-assessment by visual analogue scales (VASs) in a 12-week US trial of pramipexole for restless legs syndrome (RLS)

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. S71-S72
Author(s):  
P.C. Zee ◽  
J.W. Winkelman ◽  
K.D. Sethi ◽  
C.A. Kushida ◽  
P.M. Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Restless Legs Syndrome ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Restless Legs ◽  
Visual Analogue Scales ◽  
Analogue Scales

PRN medication: beliefs and practices of psychiatrists and nurses working in PICUs and secure units

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Haw ◽  
Helen Sasegbon ◽  
Imadeldin Ismail ◽  
Malathi Pushpanathan
Keyword(s):  
Inpatient Psychiatry ◽  
Medication Beliefs ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Visual Analogue Scales ◽  
Secure Care ◽  
Grey Area ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Analogue Scales ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

AbstractIntroductionPRN (as required) medication is commonly used in inpatient psychiatry but little is known about staff opinions concerning its use.Aims & objectivesToexplore views about PRN medication among nurses and psychiatrists working in PICUs or secure care at a charitable hospital.MethodA structured questionnaire with visual analogue scales was used to examine staff views about PRN medication. Participants were: 21 PICU nurses, 20 nurses working on medium secure admission units (MSAUs) and 27 psychiatrists. Inquiry was made about preferences and avoidance of PRN drugs and when PRN administration becomes rapid tranquillisation (RT).ResultsNurses working in PICUs and MSAUs held similar views about PRN medication. Nurses were more in favour of PRN medication than psychiatrists, whereas psychiatrists felt more strongly that PRN sedation was sometimes over-used. PICU staff favoured promethazine whereas non-PICU staff preferred lorazepam/lorazepam and haloperidol combined. There was no consensus as to when PRN administration becomes RT.ConclusionsNurses hold more positive views about PRN sedation than psychiatrists. Despite the ECG requirement, many staff favour haloperidol. The NICE definition of RT was not quoted by most participants. RT and PRN medication is a grey area which deserves further exploration.

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