scholarly journals Perceived risk of electronic cigarettes compared with combustible cigarettes: direct versus indirect questioning

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055404
Author(s):  
Victoria Churchill ◽  
Amy L Nyman ◽  
Scott R Weaver ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Jidong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Specific Measurement ◽  
Comparative Risk ◽  
Indirect Risk ◽  
Single Question

IntroductionTobacco companies claim that a large proportion of the population perceives potential modified risk tobacco products as equally or more harmful than cigarettes, and argue misperceptions need to be corrected using modified risk claims. However, the studies they cite predominantly use one specific measurement of comparative risk. We analysed a representative sample of US adult smokers and non-smokers to examine whether the proportion who report e-cigarettes as less harmful than regular cigarettes differs depending on how the comparative risk questions were presented.MethodsWe analysed data from the 2017 Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Survey. Comparative risk of cigarettes and e-cigarettes was measured in two ways: direct (single question) and indirect (by measuring perceived risk of both in separate questions and then subtracting the scores from each other).ResultsWhen asked to compare harms of e-cigarettes and cigarettes directly (single question), 33.9% of participants identified e-cigarettes as less harmful than cigarettes, 36.4% reported equal harm, 4.3% said e-cigarettes were more harmful and 25.3% said ‘I don’t know’. When asked indirectly (separate questions), 42.1% identified e-cigarettes as less harmful than cigarettes, 23.8% said they were of equal harm, 7.1% perceived e-cigarettes to be more harmful and 27.1% did not know.ConclusionOur study offers evidence to suggest the need to use both direct and indirect risk questions when assessing the public’s perceptions of harms associated with novel tobacco products.

scholarly journals Effects of a Nicotine Fact Sheet on Perceived Risk of Nicotine and E-Cigarettes and Intentions to Seek Information About and Use E-Cigarettes

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
Daniel Owusu ◽  
Lucy Popova
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Comparative Risk

We examined how a nicotine fact sheet influenced smokers’ beliefs about nicotine and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), a potentially less harmful alternative to conventional cigarettes. In an exploratory online experiment, 756 US adult current and recent former smokers (quit in the past 2 years) were randomized to view a nicotine fact sheet or control messages (bottled water ads). Effects of the nicotine fact sheet on perceived nicotine addictiveness, nicotine risk, comparative risk of e-cigarettes, and dual use intentions were analyzed using log-Poisson regression with robust error. Linear regression analyzed effects on perceived absolute risk and switching and information seeking intentions about e-cigarettes. Compared to control, the nicotine fact sheet doubled the probability of disagreeing that nicotine is the main cause of smoking-related disease (26.2% vs. 12.7%, RR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.51, 2.82, p < 0.001). However, nearly three quarters of participants viewing the nicotine fact sheet still thought that nicotine is the main cause of smoking-related disease. The nicotine fact sheet increased smokers’ intentions to seek information about e-cigarettes (b = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.74, p = 0.003). We did not find evidence suggesting unintended consequences of the nicotine fact sheet on smokers’ e-cigarettes risk perceptions or use intentions (e.g., increased dual use intentions or reduced absolute e-cigarette risk perception).

scholarly journals A Comparison of Dependence Across Different Types of Nicotine Containing Products and Coffee

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Fagerström
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Nicotine Replacement ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Smoking Index

Introduction. Few studies have compared the dependence to different tobacco and nicotine products. Besides how dependence may vary between tobacco products there is even less known how it relates to other common drugs, e.g. caffeine. In this study degree of dependence was compared between snus, cigarettes, nicotine replacement (NR), electronic cigarettes and coffee. Methods. An internet panel was used to obtain a representative sample of 3001 Swedes. The responders were asked among other related things about their use of snus, NR, traditional cigarette or e-cigarette use and coffee consumption. The indicators of dependence used were: A. the Heavy Smoking Index, B. The proportions that used within 30 min after raising in the morning, C. rating the first use in the morning as the most important and D. Stating that it would be very hard to give up entirely. Results. Significantly fewer among coffee drinkers started use within 30 minutes of awakening compared with all other products. The first use of the day was found to be more important for snus users compared with other products. On HSI there was no difference between snus and cigarettes. Snus and cigarettes were rated as being more difficult to give up than NR and coffee. Conclusion. Dependence to traditional cigarettes and snus seem to be relatively similar while NR was rated lower and coffee lowest. Since the prevalence of caffeine use in all forms is so much more prevalent than nicotine use there might be more persons in the society heavily dependent on caffeine. Implication. Tobacco products are likely more dependence forming that NR products and coffee. The addiction to coffee or caffeine is seldom discussed in the society. But if there are more individuals heavily dependent on coffee than nicotine and some nicotine containing products like snus and even more so NR are not that much more harmful than coffee how problematic is the addiction?

scholarly journals Conceptualizing and Measuring Risk Perceptions of Skin Cancer

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinayak K. Nahar ◽  
Michael A. Vice ◽  
M. Allison Ford
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Perceived Seriousness ◽  
Comparative Risk ◽  
Negative Outcome

Background: Perceived risk is commonly conceived as a joint function of the perceived evaluations about the probability estimate of a negative outcome, and the perceived seriousness of the consequences of that negative outcome. Theories typically posit that once people perceive their vulnerability to health risks or outcomes, they form intentions to take preventive actions to reduce their risk. This theoretical proposition is not supported in skin cancer preventative behavior studies, which could be due to improper measurement of perceived risk. Purpose and Methods: The purpose of this manuscript was to assess how risk perception of skin cancer has been conceptualized and measured in the literature to date. Literature retrieval was facilitated through EBSCO, PubMed, PsycInfo, MEDLINE, and ERIC databases. Twenty potentially relevant articles were identified for this review. Results: In the literature, skin cancer risk has been operationalized in two ways: absolute risk and comparative risk. However, these measures have some serious limitations. For example, there is great uncertainty regarding the quality of risk perception measurements (i.e., whether the items used to measure perceived risk are reliable and valid). Future studies are warranted to better understand the significance of using conditional risk measures.

scholarly journals Feeling Hopeful Motivates Change: Emotional Responses to Messages Communicating Comparative Risk of Electronic Cigarettes and Combusted Cigarettes

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
Jiaying Liu ◽  
Lucy Popova
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Intentions To Quit ◽  
Comparative Risk

Background. Emotions are important in smoking-related communications, but the role of discrete positive and negative emotions in comparative risk messages about combusted and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is unclear. Method. In an online experiment, 1,202 U.S. adult current smokers or recent quitters were randomized to view one of six messages about comparative risk of e-cigarettes and cigarettes. Participants reported their feelings of hope, happiness, fear, guilt, disgust, and anger and risk perceptions and behavioral intentions about e-cigarettes and cigarettes. Results. Hope was associated with higher perceived absolute cigarette risk, lower perceived absolute and comparative e-cigarette risk, and stronger intentions to quit smoking, seek quit help, use nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), switch to e-cigarettes, and use e-cigarettes exclusively versus dual use. Happiness was related to stronger intentions to seek quit help, use NRT, and switch to e-cigarettes but higher perceived comparative risk of e-cigarettes. Fear was associated with stronger intentions to quit smoking, seek quit help, use NRT, and switch to e-cigarettes. Guilt was related to higher perceived absolute cigarette risk, lower perceived comparative e-cigarette risk, and stronger intentions to use NRT. Disgust was associated with higher absolute and comparative e-cigarette risk and stronger intentions to quit smoking, seek quit help, and use e-cigarettes exclusively versus dual use. Anger was related to lower perceived absolute cigarette risk, higher perceived comparative e-cigarette risk, and weaker intentions to quit smoking. Conclusion. Comparative risk messages about e-cigarettes that arouse hope, fear, and guilt and avoid anger might be particularly likely to have positive impact on smokers.

scholarly journals Perceived risk of lock-in in the front-end phase of major transportation projects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal C. Cantarelli ◽  
David Oglethorpe ◽  
Bert van Wee
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Project Proposal ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Transportation Projects ◽  
Front End ◽  
Mediating Factor ◽  
Lock In

AbstractLock-in is defined as the tendency to continue with an inefficient decision or project proposal. The front-end phase is critical to project success, yet most studies have focused on lock-in in the implementation phase. Moreover, little is known about the way in which decision-makers perceive the risk of lock-in. In this paper we identify determinants of lock-in in the front-end phase and we reveal decision-makers’ perceptions of risk of lock-in. Our findings show that risk attitudes towards lock-in vary with the level of risk aversion. However, this is not sufficiently acute to drive the level of regret needed to avoid lock-in. This implies that decision-makers do not accurately assess the risk of lock-in and as such their risk perceptions are a mediating factor in the formation of lock-in. Based on escalation of commitment, path dependency, and prospect theory, the main contribution lies in providing a more comprehensive understanding of lock-in in the front-end phase.

scholarly journals Polytobacco use among a nationally-representative sample of black high school students

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamika D. Gilreath ◽  
Derek T. Dangerfield ◽  
Francisco A. Montiel Ishino ◽  
Ashley V. Hill ◽  
Renee M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Black Adolescents ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Chewing Tobacco ◽  
Targeted Interventions

Abstract Background Studies of the patterns of polytobacco use have increased. However, understanding the patterns of using multiple tobacco products among Black adolescents is minimal. This study identified the patterns of polytobacco use among U.S. Black adolescents. Methods Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify patterns of adolescent polytobacco use among a representative sample of Black youth from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n = 2782). Ever and recent (past 30 day) use of cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, cigars, and dip or chewing tobacco were used as latent class indicators. Multinomial regression was conducted to identify the association if smoking adjusting for sex, age, grade, and marijuana use. Results Most students were in the 9th grade (29%), e-cigarette users (21%) and were current marijuana users (25%). Three profiles of tobacco use were identified: Class 1: Non-smokers (81%), Class 2: E-cigarette Users (14%), and Class 3: Polytobacco Users (5%). Black adolescent Polytobacco users were the smallest class, but had the highest conditional probabilities of recent cigarette use, e-cigarette use, ever smoking cigars or chewing tobacco. Ever and current use of marijuana were associated with increased odds of being in the e-cigarette user versus non-smoker group, and current marijuana use was associated with increased odds of polytobacco use (aOR = 24.61, CI = 6.95–87.11). Conclusions Findings suggests the need for targeted interventions for reducing tobacco use and examining the unique effects of polytobacco use on Black adolescents. Findings confirm a significant association of marijuana use with tobacco use.

scholarly journals E-cigarettes from the perspective of teenagers – results of focus studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Pluta ◽  
Ł Balwicki
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Traditional Tobacco ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural Way

Abstract Research shows that over 80% of smokers start their habit under the age of 18. A few years ago young people undertook risky behaviors related to nicotine initiation mainly by smoking cigarettes. Today, next to traditional tobacco products, electronic cigarettes are becoming more and more popular. Due to the prevalence of new forms of nicotine addiction, modification of anti-tobacco prevention programs is required. The purpose of the research was exploration - learning the opinions and attitudes of young people towards e-cigarettes. The qualitative study was conducted using the FGI method (focus group interview). The meetings were modereted by specially trained psychologists. 48 students participated in the meetings of six focus groups, divided by gender and smoking status (smokers/non-smokers). The participants are young people aged 15-19, attending high schools in Warsaw, Kielce and Lublin. In conversations, young people emphasized the impact of e-cigarettes in smoking initiation - it usually occurs at the age of 12-14. E-cigarettes are perceived as cigarettes “for younger”, non-addictive, less serious, providing more entertainment. 'Cloud chasing' is particularly popular. They perform social functions - they are helpful in establishing relationships. Teenagers do not see the harmfulness of e-cigarettes. Participants mentioned their advantages over traditional tobacco products - they can be smoked everywhere and do not leave an unpleasant smell. Some of the respondents admit to the simultaneous use of electronic and traditional cigarettes. Moreover, many parents allow children to smoke electronic cigarettes. Vaping have become a natural way to relaxation and socialization for adolescents. E-cigarettes do not have such a negative connotation as traditional tobacco products. Young people do not see them as harmful, which is a challenge for effective preventive measures. Key messages Adolescents do not see e-cigarettes as harmful, which is a challenge for effective preventive measures. Vaping have become more and more popular - it's natural way to relaxation and socialization for young people.

scholarly journals Perceived Harm, Addictiveness, and Social Acceptability of Tobacco Products and Marijuana Among Young Adults: Marijuana, Hookah, and Electronic Cigarettes Win

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla J. Berg ◽  
Erin Stratton ◽  
Gillian L. Schauer ◽  
Michael Lewis ◽  
Yanwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Social Acceptability ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Perceived Harm

How beliefs about weight malleability and risk perceptions for obesity influence parents’ information seeking and feeding

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910532110614
Author(s):  
Charlotte J Hagerman ◽  
Rebecca A Ferrer ◽  
Susan Persky
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Implicit Theories ◽  
Risk Information ◽  
Junk Food ◽  
Obesity Risk ◽  
Child Feeding

This study surveyed 185 parents to determine whether their perceived risk of their child developing obesity and their implicit theories about the malleability of weight independently and/or interactively predict their child-feeding and pursuit of child-related obesity risk information. Higher risk perceptions were associated with healthier feeding intentions and more information seeking. More incremental (malleable) beliefs predicted healthier feeding intentions and greater pursuit of environmental, but not genetic, information. Contrary to hypotheses, the influence of implicit theories and risk perceptions were primarily independent; however, more incremental beliefs predicted less “junk food” feeding among only parents with lower perceived risk.

THE EFFECT OF WEB VENDOR TRUST ON TURKISH ONLINE SHOPPERS BUYING BEHAVIOR

2012 ◽  
Vol 01 (06) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Tolon Metehan ◽  
Zengin Asude Yasemin
Keyword(s):  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Online Purchase ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Virtual Platform

Firms’ primary objectives are gaining profit and providing continuity. During the recent years virtual platforms are the most popular and strategic way to achieve these objectives. According to this, firms try find different markets to improve their market share as well as their profits. From this point of view increase in sales at virtual platform depends on customers’ trust upon total online system in the related market. In order to create customer loyalty at virtual platform, firms must build trust between firm and customer. For this purpose, it is of strategic importance for e-commerce to create trust among their customers. At this point, firms have to determine trust and perceived risk related to online shopping. Especially firms which want to operate in internet have to analyze trust dimensions and risk perceptions of customers in related online shopping. In this study, the effect of the trust and perceived risk of Turkish customers over online purchase behavior/online shopping has been presented empirically.

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