Females and males do not differ for fatigability, muscle damage and magnitude of the repeated bout effect following maximal eccentric contractions

Unaccustomed eccentric (ECC) exercise induces muscle fatigue as well as damage and initiates a protective response to minimize impairments from a subsequent bout (i.e., repeated bout effect; RBE). It is uncertain if the sexes differ for neuromuscular responses to ECC exercise and the ensuing RBE. Twenty-six young adults (13 females) performed two bouts (four weeks apart) of 200 ECC maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the dorsiflexors. Isometric (ISO) MVC torque and the ratio of ISO torque in response to low- vs. high-frequency stimulation (10:100Hz) were compared before and after (2-10min and 2, 4, and 7d) exercise. The decline in ECC and ISO MVC torque, and the 10:100Hz ratio following bout one did not differ between sexes (P > 0.05), with reductions from baseline of 31.5 ± 12.3, 24.1 ± 15.4, and 51.3 ± 12.2%, respectively. After bout two, the 10:100Hz ratio declined less (45.0 ± 12.4% from baseline) and ISO MVC torque recovered sooner compared to bout one but no differences between sexes were evident for the magnitude of the RBE (P > 0.05). These data suggest that fatigability with ECC exercise does not differ for the sexes and adaptations that mitigate impairments to calcium handling are independent of sex. NOVELTY BULLETS: • One bout of 200 maximal eccentric dorsiflexor contractions caused equivalent muscle fatigue and damage for females and males • The repeated bout effect observed after a second bout four weeks later also had no sex-related differences • Prolonged low-frequency force depression is promoted as an indirect measure of muscle damage in humans

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Reversal of muscle fatigue during 16 h of heavy intermittent cycle exercise

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00565.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 97 (6) ◽

pp. 2166-2175 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

H. J. Green ◽

T. A. Duhamel ◽

S. Ferth ◽

G. P. Holloway ◽

M. M. Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Muscle Fatigue ◽

Intermittent Exercise ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Quadriceps Muscle ◽

Stimulation Frequency ◽

Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽

Force Frequency ◽

Reduction In Force ◽

Before And After

This study examined the effects of extended sessions of heavy intermittent exercise on quadriceps muscle fatigue and weakness. Twelve untrained volunteers (10 men and 2 women), with a peak oxygen consumption of 44.3 ± 2.3 ml·kg−1·min−1, exercised at ∼91% peak oxygen consumption for 6 min once per hour for 16 h. Muscle isometric properties assessed before and after selected repetitions (R1, R2, R4, R7, R12, and R15) were used to quantitate fatigue (before vs. after repetitions) and weakness (before vs. before repetitions). Muscle fatigue at R1 was indicated by reductions ( P < 0.05) in peak twitch force (135 ± 13 vs. 106 ± 11 N) and by a reduction ( P < 0.05) in the force-frequency response, which ranged between ∼53% at 10 Hz (113 ± 12 vs. 52.6 ± 7.4 N) and ∼17% at 50 Hz (324 ± 27 vs. 270 ± 30 N). No recovery of force, regardless of stimulation frequency, was observed during the 54 min between R1 and R2. At R2 and for all subsequent repetitions, no reduction in force, regardless of stimulation frequency, was generally found after the exercise. The only exception was for R2, where, at 20 Hz, force was reduced ( P < 0.05) by 18%. At R15, force before repetitions for high frequencies (i.e., 100 Hz) returned to R1 (333 ± 29 vs. 324 ± 27 N), whereas force at low frequency (i.e., 10 Hz) was only partially ( P < 0.05) recovered (113 ± 12 vs. 70 ± 6.6 N). It is concluded that multiple sessions of heavy exercise can reverse the fatigue noted early and reduce or eliminate weakness depending on the frequency of stimulation.

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The Effect of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage After a Bout of Accentuated Eccentric Load Drop Jumps and the Repeated Bout Effect

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0000000000001725 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 386-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lee A. Bridgeman ◽

Nicholas D. Gill ◽

Deborah K. Dulson ◽

Michael R. McGuigan

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Repeated Bout Effect ◽

Load Drop ◽

Eccentric Load ◽

Drop Jumps ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Repeated Bout

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Power loss is attenuated following a second bout of high intensity eccentric contractions due to the repeated bout effect’s protection of rate of torque and velocity development

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0641 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Avery Hinks ◽

Adam Hess ◽

Mathew I. B. Debenham ◽

Jackey Chen ◽

Nicole Mazara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

High Intensity ◽

Power Loss ◽

Peak Power ◽

Eccentric Contractions ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Repeated Bout Effect ◽

Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Repeated Bout

High intensity unaccustomed eccentric contractions result in weakness and power loss due to fatigue and muscle damage. Through the repeated bout effect (RBE), adaptations occur, then damage and weakness are attenuated following a subsequent bout. However, it is unclear whether the RBE protects peak power output. We investigated the influence of the RBE on power production and estimated fatigue- and damage-induced neuromuscular impairments following repeated high-intensity eccentric contractions. Twelve healthy adult males performed 5 sets of 30 maximal eccentric elbow flexions and repeated an identical bout 4 weeks later. Recovery was tracked over 7 days following both bouts. Reduced maximum voluntary isometric contraction torque, and increased serum creatine kinase and self-reported soreness indirectly inferred muscle damage. Peak isotonic power, time-dependent measures—rate of velocity development (RVD) and rate of torque development (RTD)—and several electrophysiological indices of neuromuscular function were assessed. The RBE protected peak power, with a protective index of 66% 24 hours after the second eccentric exercise bout. The protection of power also related to preserved RVD (R2=0.61, P<0.01) and RTD (R2=0.39, P<0.01). Furthermore, the RBE’s protection against muscle damage permitted the estimation of fatigue-associated neuromuscular performance decrements following eccentric exercise. Novelty Bullets • The repeated bout effect protects peak isotonic power. • Protection of peak power relates to preserved rates of torque and velocity development, but more so rate of velocity development. • The repeated bout effect has little influence on indices of neuromuscular fatigue.

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The repeated bout effect of traditional resistance exercises on running performance across 3 bouts

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2017-0214 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (9) ◽

pp. 978-985 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Kenji Doma ◽

Moritz Schumann ◽

Anthony Scott Leicht ◽

Brian Edward Heilbronn ◽

Felipe Damas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Repeated Bout Effect ◽

Lower Body ◽

Running Performance ◽

The Third ◽

Repeated Bout ◽

Muscle Damage Markers

This study investigated the repeated bout effect of 3 typical lower body resistance-training sessions on maximal and submaximal effort running performance. Twelve resistance-untrained men (age, 24 ± 4 years; height, 1.81 ± 0.10 m; body mass, 79.3 ± 10.9 kg; peak oxygen uptake, 48.2 ± 6.5 mL·kg−1·min−1; 6-repetition maximum squat, 71.7 ± 12.2 kg) undertook 3 bouts of resistance-training sessions at 6-repetitions maximum. Countermovement jump (CMJ), lower-body range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness, and creatine kinase (CK) were examined prior to and immediately, 24 h (T24), and 48 h (T48) after each resistance-training bout. Submaximal (i.e., below anaerobic threshold (AT)) and maximal (i.e., above AT) running performances were also conducted at T24 and T48. Most indirect muscle damage markers (i.e., CMJ, ROM, and muscle soreness) and submaximal running performance were significantly improved (P < 0.05; 1.9%) following the third resistance-training bout compared with the second bout. Whilst maximal running performance was also improved following the third bout (P < 0.05; 9.8%) compared with other bouts, the measures were still reduced by 12%–20% versus baseline. However, the increase in CK was attenuated following the second bout (P < 0.05) with no further protection following the third bout (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the initial bout induced the greatest change in CK; however, at least 2 bouts were required to produce protective effects on other indirect muscle damage markers and submaximal running performance measures. This suggests that submaximal running sessions should be avoided for at least 48 h after resistance training until the third bout, although a greater recovery period may be required for maximal running sessions.

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Effect of eccentric contraction velocity on muscle damage in repeated bouts of elbow flexor exercise

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h10-042 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 534-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Renato Barroso ◽

Hamilton Roschel ◽

Carlos Ugrinowitsch ◽

Rubens Araújo ◽

Kazunori Nosaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Creatine Kinase Activity ◽

Repeated Bout Effect ◽

Full Extension ◽

Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Mixed Model Analysis ◽

Contraction Velocity ◽

Repeated Bout

Eccentric exercise induces muscle damage, but controversy exists concerning the effect of contraction velocity on the magnitude of muscle damage, and little is known about the effect of contraction velocity on the repeated-bout effect. This study examined slow (60°·s–1) and fast (180°·s–1) velocity eccentric exercises for changes in indirect markers of muscle damage following 3 exercise bouts that were performed every 2 weeks. Fifteen young men were divided into 2 groups based on the velocity of eccentric exercise: 7 in the Ecc60 (60°·s–1) group, and 8 in the Ecc180 (180°·s–1) group. The exercise consisted of 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors at each velocity, in which the elbow joint was forcibly extended from 60° to 180° (full extension) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction strength, range of motion, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity before and for 4 days after the exercise were compared in the 2 groups using a mixed-model analysis (group × bout × time). No significant differences between groups were evident for changes in any variables following exercise bouts; however, the changes were significantly smaller (p < 0.05) after the second and third bouts than after the first bout. These results indicate that the contraction velocity does not influence muscle damage or the repeated-bout effect.

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Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Response to Muscle Fatigue and Sex Differences During Consecutive Competition Periods in Young Swimmers: A Longitudinal Study

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.769085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Matías Castillo-Aguilar ◽

Pablo Valdés-Badilla ◽

Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela ◽

Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz ◽

Pedro Delgado-Floody ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Fatigue ◽

Body Fat ◽

Systolic Pressure ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Wingate Test ◽

Autonomic Modulation ◽

Cardiac Autonomic Modulation ◽

Before And After ◽

Longitudinal Variations ◽

Mean Pressure

Objective: To study the differences in cardiac autonomic modulation in response to muscle fatigue caused by high-intensity exercise during two consecutive competition periods in young swimmers.Methods: Twenty-six competitive swimmers, selected by their training volume, were separated in two groups, females (n = 12 [46%], age: 13.5 ± 1.4 years) and males (n = 14 [54%], age: 13.9 ± 1.7 years), aged between 10 and 16 years, were evaluated five times as follow: (i) 21 days before the first competition (t-0); (ii) two days before (t-1; t-3); and (iii) two days after (t-2; t-4) of the first and second competitions. Morphological measurements (body mass, percentage of total body fat and height), blood pressure, power, and resting heart rate variability (RR with Polar band) were recorded before and after Wingate test at each time.Results: Body fat was higher in females compared to males. However, no differences were found in other morphological parameters. An intra-subject analysis grouped by sex in cardiovascular parameters shows longitudinal variations in systolic pressure and mean pressure among females. Additionally, females depicted higher, very low frequency (VLF, which is intrinsically generated by the heart and strongly associated with emotional stress) after physical fatigue compared to males at t-1. Further, before the competition, the high frequency (HF) component of HRV (parasympathetic drive) was higher in males than females at t-0 and t-4.Conclusion: Our data revealed that males displayed greater parasympathetic reactivity after an anaerobic muscle fatigue test during their competition periods. Contrarily, females had a less cardiac autonomic modulation when comparing the pre-post Wingate test after two consecutive competition periods.

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Repeated Bout Effect Was More Expressed in Young Adult Males Than in Elderly Males and Boys

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/218970 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Giedrius Gorianovas ◽

Albertas Skurvydas ◽

Vytautas Streckis ◽

Marius Brazaitis ◽

Sigitas Kamandulis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Creatine Kinase ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Repeated Bout Effect ◽

Adult Males ◽

Elderly Males ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Drop Jumps ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Repeated Bout

This study investigated possible differences using the same stretch-shortening exercise (SSE) protocol on generally accepted monitoring markers (dependent variables: changes in creatine kinase, muscle soreness, and voluntary and electrically evoked torque) in males across three lifespan stages (childhood versus adulthood versus old age). The protocol consisted of 100 intermittent (30 s interval between jumps) drop jumps to determine the repeated bout effect (RBE) (first and second bouts performed at a 2-week interval). The results showed that indirect symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage after SSE were more expressed in adult males than in boys and elderly males, suggesting that the muscles of boys and elderly males are more resistant to exercise-induced damage than those of adult males. RBE was more pronounced in adult males than in boys and elderly males, suggesting that the muscles of boys and elderly males are less adaptive to exercise-induced muscle damage than those of adult males.

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