SPECIFICITY IN THE EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON THE ADULT PLANT REACTION OF WHEAT VARIETIES TO RACES OF STEM RUST

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Green ◽  
T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Triticum Timopheevi ◽  
Adult Plants

The reactions of adult plants of 10 wheat varieties to stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Erikss. & Henn.) races 11, 12, 15A, 15B-1, 15B-2, 15B-3, 17A, 29, 29A, and 139 were determined at temperatures of about 60° F. and 80° F. The varieties K338 AC 2.E.2 and K117A were resistant to all races at both temperatures. Redman was resistant to all races at both temperatures except for the races 15B-1, -2, -3, which attacked it at both temperatures. This variety was somewhat more susceptible to race 12 at the low than at the high temperature. The other varieties were more susceptible at the high temperature to one or more races to which they were resistant at the low temperature. McMurachy was more susceptible at the high than at the low temperature to races 15B-1, 15B-2, and 17A; Selkirk to races 15B-1 and 15B-2; Red Egyptian to races 15B-1 and 17A; Triticum timopheevi to races 15B-1, 15B-2, and 15B-3; Frontana × Thatcher II-47-37 to race 15B-1; Kentana to races 12 and 15B-2; and K58 to races 12, 15A, 17A, and 29. Since the resistance of these varieties broke down to different races, the effect of high temperature on the rust reaction of adult plants is specific for certain combinations of host variety and rust race.

THE EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON THE STEM RUST RESISTANCE OF WHEAT VARIETIES

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (11) ◽  
pp. 438-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Johnson ◽  
Margaret Newton
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Stem Rust Resistance ◽  
Intermediate Temperature ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Physiologic Races ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Eighteen stem rust resistant wheat varieties were tested, in the greenhouse, for their reaction to three physiologic races of Puccinia graminis Tritici Erikss. and Henn. at three different temperatures: a constant low temperature of about 60° F., a constant high temperature of about 80° F., and an intermediate temperature which fluctuated daily from 50° to 55° F. at night to 70° to 85° F. at midday.At the low and at the intermediate temperature some of the varieties proved immune while others proved highly or moderately resistant. At the high temperature five varieties (Bokveld, Iumillo, Gaza, Red Egyptian, and N.A. 95 Egypt) were immune or highly resistant; six varieties (Marquillo × Waratah, Hope, Hochzucht, Minor, Bobin Gaza Robin, and Federation × Acme) were moderately resistant; and seven varieties (Kenya, Syria, McMurachy, Sweden, Rhodesian, Talberg, and Eureka) were moderately or completely susceptible.

scholarly journals Emergence of Virulence to Sr25 of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici on Wheat in India

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 840-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Jain ◽  
M. Prashar ◽  
S. C. Bhardwaj ◽  
S. B. Singh ◽  
Y. P. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Additional Gene ◽  
Adult Plants

Stem (black) rust, caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn., is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat. It could be controlled through introgression of race-specific resistance genes. However, such kind of resistance is mostly short lived due to emergence of new virulences. For example, resistance genes Sr11, Sr24, Sr30, and Sr31 are no longer effective (2,4). Detection of new virulences has remained vital in the evaluation and identification of new sources of resistance. We report here the detection of virulence to Sr25, a gene from Thinopyrum elongatum (4), which had been effective or partially effective against stem rust worldwide, including race Ug99 (TTKSK) (4). A stem rust isolate collected in 2006 from Karnataka (southern India) produced susceptible reactions (infection type [IT] 3+ to 4) on the primary leaves of differential genotype ‘Agatha’ carrying Sr25 and susceptible check ‘Agra Local’ at 22 ± 2°C. To verify virulence to Sr25, single-pustule isolates from this sample were inoculated onto seedlings of ‘Agrus’, ‘Agatha’, ‘RL6040’ (‘Thatcher’ + Sr25), ‘Superseri#1’, ‘Wheatear’, and ‘Morocco’ + Sr25 (obtained from CIMMYT), which all carry Sr25. All these accessions were found susceptible (IT 3+ to 4) to this isolate, except Wheatear which expressed resistance (IT ;1), indicating the presence of additional gene(s). These genotypes are resistant (ITs ;1 to 2+) to Sr25-avirulent pathotypes. The new pathotype is avirulent to Sr11, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, and Tmp and virulent to Sr5, 6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 9a, 9b, 9d, 9e, 9f, 9g, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 28, 30, 34, 36, 42, Wld-1, and Gt at 22 ± 2°C. This pathotype has been designated as 58G13-3 and PKTSC according to the Indian nomenclature (1) and the North American system (3), respectively. It represents race 40 based on Stakman's differentials. It may have arisen from race 40 through mutation. The type culture of the pathotype has been added to the culture collection at Flowerdale, Shimla. Interestingly, ‘Festiguay’ (Sr30) was found resistant to this pathotype, indicating the presence of additional gene(s), whereas ‘Webster’ (Sr30) was susceptible. Adult plants of Agrus, Agatha, RL6040, Superseri#1, and Morocco+Sr25 also were susceptible, producing 20S to 60S responses. Sr25-avirulent pathotype 62G29 produced a TR (flecking in traces) response on these lines except Morocco + Sr25 that showed 20 to 40MR (moderately resistant) responses. In the same study however, adult plants of Thatcher showed a resistant reaction (10R to MR) at low (16 ± 2°C) and susceptible (20S) at high (22 ± 2°C) temperatures. Agatha and RL6040, having Thatcher as one of the parents, had similar responses. The detection of Sr25 virulence is significant since Sr25 is an important gene to be targeted for breeding wheat cultivars resistant to Ug99. We should use either adult plant resistance and/or pyramiding two or more genes for seedling resistance to enhance the field life of wheat cultivars. References: (1) P. Bahadur et al. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 95:29, 1985. (2) S. C. Bhardwaj et al. J. Wheat Res. 1:51, 2007. (3) Y. Jin et al. Plant Dis. 92:923, 2008. (4) R. P. Singh et al. CAB Rev. No. 054:1, 2006.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Winter Wheat and Triticale to Yellow Rust Influenced by Complex Interactions between Vernalisation, Temperature, Plant Growth Stage and Pathogen Race

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Rodriguez-Algaba ◽  
Chris K. Sørensen ◽  
Rodrigo Labouriau ◽  
Annemarie F. Justesen ◽  
Mogens S. Hovmøller
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Rust Susceptibility ◽  
Adult Plants ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Environmental factors influence the disease susceptibility of crop plants. In this study, we established an experimental system to investigate the effects of vernalisation, temperature and plant growth stage on the susceptibility of winter wheat and winter triticale to Puccinia striiformis, the causal agent of yellow (stripe) rust. Two temperature regimes: standard (18 °C day/12 °C night) and low (12 °C day/6 °C night), vernalised and non-vernalised seedlings, vernalised adult plants and two pathogen races were investigated. At low temperatures, vernalisation reduced the susceptibility of seedlings exposed to the ‘Warrior’ race, while this was only the case for five out of eight varieties exposed to the ‘Kranich’ race. Changing from standard to low temperature resulted in increased susceptibility of non-vernalised seedlings of seven varieties inoculated with the ‘Warrior’ race and five varieties inoculated with the ‘Kranich’ race. Increased susceptibility at low temperature was also detected for several varieties at the adult plant growth stage. Comparisons between vernalised seedlings and adult plants revealed an effect of plant growth stage on disease susceptibility (e.g., Adult Plant Resistance) in five varieties at standard temperature for the ‘Warrior’ race and in five and four varieties at standard and low temperature respectively, for the ‘Kranich’ race. The complex and unpredictable interactions between environment and pathogen influencing yellow rust susceptibility of individual varieties stress the importance of phenotyping for disease resistance under different environmental conditions and pathogen populations. The environmental impact on rust susceptibility should also be taken into account in early-warning systems targeting wheat and triticale breeding programmes and growers.

scholarly journals Characterization of Wheat Monogenic Lines with Known Sr Genes and Wheat Lines with Resistance to the Ug99 Race Group for Resistance to Prevalent Races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 1939-1943
Author(s):  
Xian Xin Wu ◽  
Qiu Jun Lin ◽  
Xin Yu Ni ◽  
Qian Sun ◽  
Rong Zhen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Sr Genes

Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most serious fungal diseases in wheat production, seriously threatening the global supply of wheat and endangering food security. The present study was conducted to evaluate wheat monogenic lines with known Sr genes to the most prevalent P. graminis f. sp. tritici races in China. In addition, wheat lines introduced from the International Maize and Wheat improvement Center (CIMMYT) with resistance to the Ug99 race group were also evaluated with the prevalent Chinese P. graminis f. sp. tritici races. The monogenic lines containing Sr9e, Sr21, Sr26, Sr31, Sr33, Sr35, Sr37, Sr38, Sr47, and SrTt3 were effective against races 21C3CTTTM, 34C0MRGSM, and 34C3MTGQM at both seedling and adult-plant stages. In contrast, monogenic lines containing Sr6, Sr7b, Sr8a, Sr9a, Sr9b, Sr9d, Sr9f, Sr9g, Sr13, Sr16, Sr18, Sr19, Sr20, Sr24, Sr28, Sr29, and Sr34 were highly susceptible to these races at both seedling and adult-plant stages. Lines with Sr5, Sr10, Sr13, Sr14, Sr15, Sr17, Sr21, Sr22, Sr23, Sr25, Sr27, Sr29, Sr30, Sr32, Sr36, and Sr39 were resistant to one or more of the tested races. Among the 123 CIMMYT lines, 38 (30.9%) showed varying levels of susceptibility to Chinese P. graminis f. sp. tritici races. The results should be useful for breeding wheat cultivars with resistance to stem rust.

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EXPRESSION OF FACTORS GOVERNING RUST REACTION IN A CROSS BETWEEN TWO VARIETIES OF TRITICUM VULGARE

1931 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Susceptibility Factors ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Genetic Hypothesis

Two random populations of F2 plants of the cross Marquillo × Marquis were tested for the reaction of their F3 seedling progenies to form 21 of Puccinia graminis tritici in the greenhouse, at average daily temperatures of 69.7° F. (the warm test) for one population, and 60.6° F. (the cool test) for the other. In both tests Marquis was susceptible and Marquillo was resistant. In the "warm test" ten families of a total of 781 were resistant. In the "cool test" five families of a total of 301 were susceptible. In both cases the results fitted a 63:1 ratio excellently, indicating the operation of three main genetic factors for rust reaction. A genetic hypothesis is proposed that explains the results on the basis of the influence of low temperature in curtailing the action of three susceptibility factors A, B and C carried by Marquis. The results indicate that genetic studies on characters which are easily influenced by environmental conditions should be made under controlled conditions, after ascertaining in advance the general effects of different temperatures, etc., upon the hybrid material to be used.

scholarly journals Quantitative Trait Loci for High-Temperature Adult-Plant and Slow-Rusting Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Wheat Cultivars

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Guo ◽  
Z. J. Zhang ◽  
Y. B. Xu ◽  
G. H. Li ◽  
J. Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Slow Rusting ◽  
Adult Plants

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) globally. High-temperature adult-plant resistance (HTAPR) and slow-rusting have great potential for sustainable management of the disease. The wheat cultivars Luke and Aquileja have been previously reported to possess HTAPR and slow-rusting to stripe rust, respectively. Aquileja displayed less number of stripes per unit leaf area than Luke, while Luke showed lower infection type than Aquileja at adult-plant stages of growth under high-temperature conditions. The objectives of this study were to confirm the resistances and to map the resistance genes in Luke and Aquileja. Luke was crossed with Aquileja, and 326 of the F2 plants were genotyped using 282 microsatellite primer pairs. These F2 plants and their derived F3 families were evaluated for resistance to stripe rust by inoculation in the fields and greenhouses of high- and low-temperatures. Infection type was recorded for both seedlings and adult plants, and stripe number was recorded for adult plants only. Two quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, on the short arm of chromosome 2B, to be significantly associated with infection type at adult-plant stages in the fields and in the high-temperature greenhouse. The locus distal to centromere, referred to as QYrlu.cau-2BS1, and the locus proximal to centromere, referred to as QYrlu.cau-2BS2, were separated by a genetic distance of about 23 cM. QYrlu.cau-2BS1 was flanked by the microsatellite markers Xwmc154 and Xgwm148, and QYrlu.cau-2BS2 was flanked by Xgwm148 and Xabrc167. QYrlu.cau-2BS1 and QYrlu.cau-2BS2 explained up to 36.6 and 41.5% of the phenotypic variation of infection type, respectively, and up to 78.1% collectively. No significant interaction between the two loci was detected. Another QTL, referred to as QYraq.cau-2BL, was detected on the long arm of chromosome 2B to be significantly associated with stripe number. QYraq.cau-2BL was flanked by the microsatellite markers Xwmc175 and Xwmc332, and it explained up to 61.5% of the phenotypic variation of stripe number. It is possible that these three QTL are previously unmapped loci for resistance to stripe rust.

Components of resistance in barley to stem rust: receptivity, urediniospore production, latent period, and infection response in adult plants

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1298-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Q. Liu ◽  
D. E. Harder
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Infection Response ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Adult Plants

Resistance in barley (Hordeum vulgare) to stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, is often variably expressed. This study was undertaken to evaluate several components of stem rust resistance in the barley cultivars or lines Tupper, Robust, Q21861, SB90585, SB91702, and Harrington and to compare them with the susceptible wheat cultivar Little Club (Triticum aestivum). Stems of adult plants were quantitatively inoculated with urediniospores of races QCC, QFC, and TPM of P. graminis tritici. Significant differences in receptivity, urediniospore production, and latent period were observed among the barley lines and between all barley lines and Little Club wheat. The degrees of receptivity and the levels of urediniospore production on the barley lines were related to the presence or absence of the specific resistance genes Rpg1, rpg4, and possibly additional noncharacterized gene(s). Receptivity was the most strongly expressed of all of the components measured. Receptivity, spore production, and infection response were highly correlated to each other, but only infection response was significantly correlated to latent period. The usefulness of measuring these components to evaluate resistance in barley breeding is discussed. Keywords: barley, Hordeum vulgare, stem rust, Puccinia graminis tritici, resistance, components.

Stabilizing selection in Puccinia graminis tritici in Canada

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (19) ◽  
pp. 2204-2214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mishael Oichoe Osoro ◽  
G. J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Competitive Abilities ◽  
Field Plots

Experiments were designed to show whether or not virulence genes reduce fitness and bring about stabilizing selection. The competitive abilities of seven related races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici were studied on seedlings of three to five susceptible wheat varieties by growing mixtures of the races in greenhouses, growth cabinets, and field plots. In experiments in which simple races with few virulence genes were mixed with complex races with one, two, or three extra virulence genes, the complex races predominated after 4 to 10 generations in five of the six mixtures, and the simple race predominated in one mixture. A complex race predominated over simple races in the field experiment. It was concluded that virulence genes did not impair the fitness of the wheat stem rust races studied.In one race mixture studied in growth cabinets the complex race predominated at 25 °C, and the simple race, at 15 °C. Temperature did not differentially influence the competitive abilities of the races in three other mixtures.Incubation periods for all races were shorter at higher temperatures, but races C18(15B-1L) and C33(15B-1L) developed faster than races C9(15B-1L), C37(15), C38(15B-1L), C42(15), and C49(15) at all temperatures. In addition, races C18(15B-1L) and C33(15B-1L) produced more urediospores per pustule than races C9(15B-1L), C37(15), and C49(15). The differences in incubation period and spore production are considered to be the most important factors studied and they could cause the differences in aggressiveness of the seven races.

RHIZOPUS ROOT ROT OF SUGAR BEET

1943 ◽  
Vol 21c (8) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Hildebrand ◽  
L. W. Koch
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Sugar Beets

During the summer of 1942 sugar beets growing in an experimental plot at the Harrow laboratory were destroyed by a root rot of a type that apparently has been reported only once previously on this host in North America. Wilting of the foliage first attracts attention to affected plants, the roots of which show, externally, grayish-brown discoloured areas and, internally, fairly sharply-delimited, grayish to coffee-coloured lesions, affected tissues being more or less spongy in consistency. The causal organism, found to be a wound parasite, has been identified as Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer. The effect of temperature on the growth in culture and on the pathogenicity of this fungus and of representatives of the species, R. oryzae and R. nigricans, has been studied. It has been found that R. arrhizus and R. oryzae are relatively high temperature organisms, showing optimum growth at about 34° to 36 °C., and each capable of infecting and destroying artificially injured sugar beets most rapidly between 30° and 40 °C. R. nigricans, also a wound parasite is, on the other hand, a relatively low temperature organism showing optimum growth in culture at about 24° and displaying highest infection capability at about 14° to 16 °C.

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