Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in the Chenopodiaceae and Cruciferae: do they occur?

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (22) ◽  
pp. 2813-2817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc C. Hirrel ◽  
H. Mehravaran ◽  
J. W. Gerdemann
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Va Mycorrhizae ◽  
Glomus Fasciculatus ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Companion Plant ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Companion Plants ◽  
Test Plants

Members of the Chenopodiaceae and Cruciferae were reported to be nonmycorrhizal by early investigators; more recently, some species in these families have been reported to have low or in some cases high levels of vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infection. In our experiments, a sparse vesicular (chlamydospore) infection by Glomus fasciculatus was found in four species of Chenopodiaceae and two species of Cruciferae but only when grown in the presence of a mycorrhizal companion plant, citrus or onion. No arbuscules were observed in infected roots. Chenopodium album had the highest incidence of infection (5%). Infection was restricted to older tissue and penetration of the vascular cylinder was common, which is atypical of VA mycorrhizae. As hyphae from mycorrhizal companion plants grew through the soil, they encountered older roots of the test plants which probably offered little or no resistance to infection. In documenting the occurrence of VA mycorrhizae in any species, it is important to observe whether the plant is growing by itself or if there are mycorrhizal plants closely associated with it. Also, care should be taken not to confuse common root parasites for the fungal structures of VA mycorrhiza.

Symbiotic Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Influence Maximum Rates of Photosynthesis in Tropical Tree Seedlings Grown Under Elevated CO2

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Lovelock ◽  
D. Kyllo ◽  
M. Popp ◽  
H. Isopp ◽  
A. Virgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Va Mycorrhizae ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations

To investigate the importance of phosphorus and carbohydrate concentrations in influencing photosynthetic capacity of tropical forest tree seedlings under elevated CO2, we grew seedlings of Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Hemsl. (Lauraceae) under elevated CO2 concentrations either with or without vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae. VA-mycorrhizae increased phosphorus concentrations in all plant organs (leaves, stems and roots). Maximum rates of photosynthesis (Amax) measured under saturating levels of CO2 and light were correlated with leaf phosphorus concentrations. VA-mycorrhizae also increased leaf carbohydrate concentrations, particularly under elevated CO2, but levels were low and within the range observed in naturally occurring forest species. Root carbohydrate concentrations were reduced in VA-mycorrhizal plants relative to non-mycorrhizal plants. These results indicate an important role for VA-mycorrhizae in controlling photosynthetic rates and sink strength in tropical trees, and thus in determining their response to future increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

Incidence and condition of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae infections in the roots of sugar maple in relation to maple decline

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta A. Spitko ◽  
Terry A. Tattar ◽  
Richard A. Rohde
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
University Of Massachusetts ◽  
The University

Twelve sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) on the campus of the University of Massachusetts were selected for the study in spring 1977. Trees chosen ranged from healthy to severely declined and were assigned to crown-condition classes of increasing severity from I to IV. Whole root samples from each tree were cleared in 10% KOH and stained in trypan blue to assess the degree of vesicular–arbuscular infection. Five sections of secondary feeder roots from each tree were selected at random and examined under a microscope. The number of infected cortical cells per centimetre of roots was counted to give an estimate of percent mycorrhizal infection for each tree. An inverse relationship was found between the degree of decline shown by the crown and the amount of mycorrhizal infection in the roots. Trees of class I had young infections showing extensive arbuscule development and few vesicles. In classes II to IV there was a decrease in the number of cortical cells infected by the fungus and an increase in vesicle formation, at times to the point where cortical cells were disrupted by their presence. In class IV, arbuscules that were present had undergone digestion of the fine branches so that only the collars were in evidence. Soil pH and nutritional status were determined but no relationship was found between these factors and the health of the fungal symbiont in the roots.

Phytohormone changes in Bouteloua gracilis infected by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae: I. Cytokinin increases in the host plant

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Allen ◽  
Thomas S. Moore Jr. ◽  
Martha Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Bouteloua Gracilis ◽  
Cytokinin Activity ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Soybean Callus ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Water Saturated

Bouteloua gracilis was grown in defined, axenic culture with and without vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae. Leaves and roots of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants were harvested and assayed for cytokinin content using a soybean callus tissue bioassay. Total cytokinin activity was 57 and 111% greater in leaves and roots, respectively, in mycorrhizal over control plants. Cytokinin activities, separated using paper chromatography with water saturated n-butanol as a solvent, doubled in roots and leaves at Rf values of 0.3 and 0.9 and increased 9-fold in roots at an Rf value of 0.1 with infection. This appears to be the first demonstration of altered cytokinin levels in plants resulting from mycorrhizal infection.

Companion plants affect colonization of Myrica cerifera by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2703-2707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara C. Poole ◽  
David M. Sylvia
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Myrica Cerifera ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Companion Plant ◽  
Inoculation Treatment ◽  
Companion Plants

The vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) status of Myrica cerifera L. (wax myrtle) was investigated under greenhouse and field conditions. Myrica cerifera and Paspalum notatum Flügge (bahiagrass) were grown in inter- and intra-specific plant combinations with and without VAM fungi. Roots of field-collected M. cerifera were also examined for colonization by VAM fungi. Myrica cerifera became colonized by VAM fungi only in the presence of a VAM colonized grass plant; however, arbuscules were consistently lacking. VAM fungi had no effect on root or shoot growth of M. cerifera. When grown in the presence of P. notatum, shoot growth of M. cerifera was reduced, regardless of inoculation treatment. Colonization of field-collected M. cerifera roots ranged from 0 to 75%; however, nearly all samples lacked arbuscules. Unexpectedly, samples from wet sites had the highest colonization levels. Failure of M. cerifera to become colonized when grown without a VAM companion plant and the absence of arbuscules when M. cerifera became colonized in the presence of a VAM companion plant suggest that the VAM association of M. cerifera is nonfunctional. Key words: arbuscule, Glomus, interspecific, intraspecific, nonhost.

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of winter and spring cereals

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Buwalda ◽  
D. P. Stribley ◽  
P. B. Tinker
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Spring Cereals

SUMMARYThe importance of mycorrhizal infection for the growth of wheat and barley sown in winter and spring was assessed in two field experiments. Low temperatures during winter restricted the development of mycorrhizal infection, and calculations of ‘thermal time’ indicated that the percentage of root length infected did not increase when mean temperatures were less than 5 °C. Hence infection was less in the winter-sown crops than in the spring-sown crops at early stages of plant development. However, the effects of mycorrhizal infection on growth were greater in winter-sown than in spring-sown wheat.At all levels of applied phosphorus up to 60 kg P/ha, artificial inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increased the yields of both cereals at each sowing date by 17–25% after indigenous mycorrhizal fungi had been removed by fumigation, but the effects were smaller on non-fumigated plots. The results confirmed the potential importance of mycorrhizal infection for the growth of cereals.Mycorrhizal infection increased the phosphorus concentration in the plant tissue at very early stages of growth, but the effect generally declined with time.

scholarly journals The effect of growth substrate and fertilizer on the growth and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of three hosts

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauritz Vestberg
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fragaria X Ananassa ◽  
Growth Substrate ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Test Plants

The effect of growth substrate in combination with two compound fertilizers or bone meal on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection and growth of micropropagated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) and arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus L.), as well as maize (Zea mays L.) was studied in pot experiments. With all test plants, sand fertilized with bone meal was superior to the richer peat-based substrates in initiating rapid VA mycorrhizal infection and sporulation of the VAM fungi used. A fertilizing regime yielding plants of a sufficient size, which at the same time are mycorrhizal, is suggested.

Association of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with the moss Funaria hygrometrica

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (17) ◽  
pp. 1898-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Parke ◽  
R. G. Linderman
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Funaria Hygrometrica ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Companion Plant ◽  
Va Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Hyphal Coils ◽  
Companion Plants

Reports on the mycorrhizal status of mosses have been scanty and inconclusive. We observed hyphae and vesicles resembling structures of vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi within the moss Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. growing on the soil surface of asparagus – Glomus epigaeus pot cultures. Controlled-environment experiments to determine whether moss is a potential host for VA fungi were conducted by inoculating moss cultures, asparagus plants, or combinations of moss and asparagus plants with chlamydospores of G. epigaeus. Examination of cleared and stained asparagus roots and moss plants 10 weeks after addition of G. epigaeus spores revealed typical arbuscules, vesicles, and hyphal coils in roots of asparagus grown alone or in combination with moss; hyphae, vesicles, and spores were seen in moss plants, but only in those grown with asparagus "companion" plants. Glomus epigaeus colonization was widespread in moss stem and leaf tissue, and spore production was most prolific in senescent tissues. Similar endophytic structures and abundant sporulation occurred in the moss layer of G. mosseae and G. fasciculalus moss-companion plant pot cultures. Although the Funaria–VA fungus association is apparently not a mutualistic one, the system may have ecological significance as well as potential for production of VA inoculum.

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