The distribution and presence of versicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi in rhizosphere soil of Da Xanh pummelo in Ba Ria Vung Tau province

The study was carried out to determine the distribution and presence of versicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi in rhizosphere soil and roots of Da Xanh pummelo in Phu My town, Ba Ria Vung Tau province. The rhizosphere soil and root samples were collected from 6 - 7 years old pummelo of two main soil types, on two soil layers at depths of 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm, at 2/3 and the edge of canopy. The results showed that the presence of VAM spore density was higher in red basaltic soil (ferralsols) than black soil (luvisols), and common exist on the topsoil layer (0 - 20 cm) as well as the edge of canopy. Glomus and Acaulospora were two most abundant genera in survey areas, and the proportion of mycorrhizal spores ranged from 53.18 ± 2.59% to 58.54 ± 0.46 and from 23.68 ± 2.96% to 29.33 ± 0.64%, respectively. Increasing the soil depth negatively affected on spore density of VAM fungi. The VAM fungi composition aslo changed with soil depth. The percentage of root colonization by VAM fungi ranged from 56.20 ± 3.11% to 62.00 ± 3.37%, and the highest percentage of root colonization by VAM fungi was detected in red basaltic soil.

Effect of Different Bio-fertilizers on the Chlorophyll, Nitrogen and Vitamin E Content in Arachis hypogeae L. and Sesamum indicum L.

The peanut or ground nut (Arachis hypogeae L.) is a species in the legume or bean family (Fabaceae). Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a flowering plant belonging to the family Pedaliaceae. The present study was carried out to study the effect of different bio-fertilizers on the chlorophyll, nitrogen content on the 30th day of growth of the plants and Vitamin E content in the seeds after harvest of the two test crops. The bio-fertilizers used were Azospirillum, panchagavya, VAM fungi and a mixture of these three fertilizers. Control plant was maintained without any fertilizer application. The chlorophyll and nitrogen content seemed to be more in the plants treated with mixture of organic fertilizers in both the plants. The Vitamin E content were found to be higher in seeds obtained from Azospirillum treated plants in groundnut and VAM fungus treated plants in sesame.

DISTRIBUTION OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN SOILS POLLUTED WITH INDUSTRIAL AND SEWAGE EFFLUENTS

The microbial communities including VAM fungi get affected by the sewage and industrial effluent. About this there is not much information. Soil polluted with sewage effluents supported less VAM population than non-polluted. 44 VAM fungal species were collected and indentified.

Non-Flat Earth Recalibrated for Terrain and Topsoil

Earth’s land surface is raised from conventionally flat 15 Gha to >64 Gha accounting for hilly slope undulation and topsoil relief detail. Three main aspects are: topography, rugosity/tortuosity, and micro-relief/porosity of ice/vegetation-free ground. Recalibration arises from four approaches: First, direct empirical estimates of compiled satellite/LiDAR data means of +2.5–26% surface progressively overlain by +94% at cm2 scale for soil ruggedness then +108% for mm2 micro-relief; Second, from digital elevation models with thrice 1.6–2.0 times flat areas; Third, by ‘reverse engineering’ global soil bulk densities and carbon reserves requiring ×4–6 land. Finally, a Fermi estimation doubles the Earth’s surface—as exposed to Sun, air and rain—conveniently set at 100 Gha (with 64 Gha land:36 Gha ocean). Soil organic carbon (SOC) thereby grows to 8580 Gt mainly in SOM-humus with its biotic complexity plus roots, Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM-fungi), leaf-litter and earthworms itself totaling 17,810 Gt. Although four to six times IPCC’s or NASA/NOAA’s calculated 1500–2300 Gt SOC, this is likely an underestimation. Global biomass and biodiversity are at least doubled (×2–3.5) and net primary productivity (NPP) increases to >270 Gt C yr−1 due to terrain. Rationale for a ‘Soil Ecology Institute’ gains ground.

Non-flat Earth Recalibrated for Terrain and Rugged Soil Relief

Earth’s land surface area is raised from conventionally flat 15 to 64 Gha to account for hilly undulation and soil relief detail. Three main aspects are: topography, rugosity/tortuosity and micro-relief/porosity of vegetation-free ground. Recalibration is arrived at from four approaches: first, direct empirical estimates from the few compiled satellite or LiDAR data with means of +2.5–26% progressively overlain by +94% at cm2 scale for soil ruggedness then +108% for mm2 micro-relief; second, from digital elevation models with 1.6–2.0 times flat areas; third, by ‘reverse engineering’ global soil bulk densities and carbon reserves requiring x 2–6 land. Finally, a Fermi estimation conveniently sets the World’s new surface area – that exposed to Sun, air and rain – at 100 Gha (with 36 Gha flat ocean). Soil organic carbon (SOC) is thence raised to 8,580 Gt mainly in SOM/humus with its biotic complexity plus roots, VAM-fungi and leaf-litter, that itself = 17,800 Gt. Although four to six times IPCC’s or NASA/NOAA’s calculations of just 1,500–2,300 Gt SOC, this is likely an underestimation. Global biomass and biodiversity are at least doubled (x 2–3.5) and net primary productivity (NPP) similarly increased on land to >270 Gt C yr-1 due to terrain.

Jamur Mikoriza Vesikular Arbuskular (MVA) Pada Tiga Jenis Tanah Rhizosfer Tumbuhan Lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin)

The lakum plant (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) is a wild plant so it is easily found in various types of soil, such as alluvial soil, ultisol soil and soil with salinity (saline soil). The ability of the lakum plant (C. trifolia) to grow on alluvial soil, ultisol soil, and saline soils is presumably cause by a role of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. This research aims to find out about VAM fungi in the rhizosphere of the lakum plant (C. trifolia) and the rate of VAM fungal infection in three types of rhizosphere soil of the lakum plant. This research was conducted for three months, starting from January to May 2018 at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of Tanjungpura University. The research procedure included several stages, namely sampling, isolation of spores by a combination of wet filter pouring technique, identification and characterization, and coloring and making root preparations with coloring method. Based on the results of the research, the spores of the VAM fungi found in alluvial soil consisted of the genera Acaulospora, Archaeospora, Glomus and Paraglomus. The spores of the genus of VAM fungi found on the saline soil were only the genus Glomus. The spores of the genus of VAM fungi found on ultisol soil consisted of the genera Acaulospora, Glomus and Paraglomus. The results of observations show that VAM fungal infection in alluvial soil was 25% (low), in saline soil 50.6% (high) and ultisol soil 53% (high)