Vasculature of the abscission zone of tomato fruit: implications for transport

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1898-1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
A Site

The structural anatomy of the abscission zone in the "knuckle" of the pedicel supporting the tomato fruit may provide an explanation as to how and why a fruit such as a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) can accumulate both water and dry matter. There is a significant reduction in xylem and a major increase in phloem cross-sectional area through the knuckle relative to the rest of the pedicel that persists from flowering through to fruit maturity. This will produce a site of high resistance to water flow in the xylem and transfer the demand for water by the fruit to the phloem, thus linking water and dry matter influx into the fruit. Transpiration from the fruit will play a role in initiating or maintaining the flow of phloem sap to the fruit.

Use of Lycopersicon cheesmanii and L. chmielewskii to increase dry matter content of tomato fruit

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Poysa
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Solids Content

Advanced lines and backcrosses from interspecific hybridization of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with six L. chmielewskii (Rick, Kesicki, Fobes and Holle) and L. cheesmanii (Riley) accessions were evaluated in the field over 2 yr for soluble solids content (SSC), total solids content (TSC), fruit yield and fruit size to determine the effectiveness of combining elevated solids levels with high fruit yield and size following early generation selection. More than a quarter of the lines had significantly higher SSC levels than the recurrent tomato parent, Purdue 812 (P812). Several lines combined high SSC and TSC with high fruit yield and large fruit size to produce more dry matter yield per hectare or per fruit than P812. Two backcrosses were optimal for combining high SSC and high yield. SSC and TSC were negatively correlated with fruit size and, to a lesser degree, with fruit yield. Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, soluble solids, total solids

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF TRANSPIRATION ON THE ACCUMULATION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN TOMATO FRUIT.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 591e-591
Author(s):  
Saneyuki Kawabata ◽  
Ryozo Sakiyama
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
Fruit Surface

Previous studies suggest that transpiration from fruit surface drives the inflow of phloem sap into fruits. In those studies, the increment of the size of fruits was restricted mechanically to avoid the effects of changes in fruit size on the import of water. In this experiment, the influence of transpiration on the accumulation of carbohydrates was investigated in intact tomato fruits. Tomato fruits. 7 days after flowering, as attached to the plants were enclosed in the chamber of low humidity (LH) or high humidity (HH) and they were sampled 38 days after flowering. The enlargement of LH fruits was smaller than that of HH fruits. The accumulation of dry matter and total sugars on a fruit basis was lower in LH fruits than in HH fruits. There was no difference in the content of dry matter between LH and HH fruits. The concentration of total sugars of LH fruits was slightly lower than that of HH fruits. Lower accumulation of carbohydrates in LH fruits shows that transpiration flow of phloem sap is not the predominant factor that controls the inflow of photosynthetic assimilates in intact tomato fruit.

Functioning of Conducting Elements of Phloem and Xylem in the Stalk of the Developing Fruit of Lupinus albus L

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Pate ◽  
J Kuo ◽  
PJ Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sieve Tubes

The economy of water and dry matter in fruits of white lupin (L. albus L.) was studied by measuring transpiration, CO2 exchange and weight changes over an 8-week growth period. These data were combined with analyses of upper stem tracheal (xylem) sap and fruit tip phloem sap to estimate rates of import of dry matter and water through xylem and phloem. Assuming unidirectional mass flow to operate, phloem carried 97 % of the dry matter and 27 % of the water entering the fruit, and xylem supplied the remainder of the water, 30 % of the minerals and 10 % of the amino compounds. The structure of fruit stalks of various age was examined by light microscopy. Cross-sectional areas occupied by different tissues were measured, and numbers and mean transverse areas of conducting elements estimated. Sieve tubes comprised 0.66-1.13% of the stalk's cross-sectional area, vessels plus tracheids 0.27 - 0.50%. Secondary xylem consisted mainly of fibres. Sieve tubes occupied 18 - 27% of the phloem cross-sectional area. The fully grown stalk showed approximately three times as many sieve tubes in transverse section as vessels plus tracheids. Transfer of dry matter and water through the fruit stalk was highest during the exponential phase of fruit growth. Peak specific mass transfer in sieve tubes was 3.95 g dry matter per square centimetre of sieve tube per hour, in tracheids plus vessels 0.28 g cm2 h-1. Maximum flow velocity in sieve tubes was 22 cm h-1, in tracheids plus vessels, 147 cm h-1. Values for specific mass transfer and flow velocities were several times less in stalks of very young or near-mature fruits.

scholarly journals MECHANICAL IMPULSE RESPONSE AS A MEASURE OF TOMATO FRUIT MATURITY

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 739g-739
Author(s):  
D. Chrz ◽  
N. Maness ◽  
D. Chen ◽  
M. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Agricultural Experiment Station ◽  
Impulse System ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Agricultural Experiment ◽  
Technology Grant ◽  
A Site ◽  
Mechanical Impulse

A mechanical impulse system for determining tomato fruit maturity and size was tested, for development of a rapid, nondestructive fruit testing instrument. Fruit were grouped into various maturity categories, ranging from immature green to red, and impulse spectra were obtained at a site over the locule at marked locations. Resistance to puncture was measured on the locular side of the pericarp wall at the same locations. A sonic resonant frequency band was weakly correlated with fruit maturity category. Stronger correlations existed with pericarp puncture resistance and fruit weight. A description of essential components and utilization of the instrument for fruit firmness determination will be presented. Supported by OCAST (Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology) grant AR2-069, USDA grant 92-34150-7190 and the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

scholarly journals Partitioning of Dry Matter into Fruit Explains Cultivar Differences in Vigor in Young Olive (Olea europaea L.) Trees

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Rosati ◽  
Andrea Paoletti ◽  
Raeed Al Hariri ◽  
Alessio Morelli ◽  
Franco Famiani
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Selection Of

Low vigor and early and abundant production are desirable traits for modern tree crops. In olive, most cultivars are too vigorous and cannot be successfully constrained in the small volume allowed by the straddle harvester used in the so-called superhigh-density (SHD) orchards. Only few cultivars appear to have sufficiently low vigor to be suitable for this system. These cultivars combine low vigor with earlier and higher yield. This study investigated the hypothesis that differences in vigor between Arbequina, a low vigor and the most commonly used cultivar in SHD orchards, and Frantoio, a highly vigorous cultivar not suitable for such orchards, are related to their differences in early bearing and consequent differences in dry matter partitioning into fruit. Young trees of both cultivars were deflowered either in 2014, 2015, both years, or neither one, resulting in a range of cumulative yields over the 2 years. Tree trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) was measured at the beginning of each year. This was closely related to total tree mass, as assessed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Cumulative yield, in terms of fruit dry matter, was also assessed. TCSA increased less in fruiting trees in both years. As expected, when not deflowered, ‘Frantoio’ was less productive and more vigorous than ‘Arbequina’. However, there was no difference in TCSA increment when both cultivars were completely deflowered. TCSA increments were closely inversely related to yield across all treatments and cultivars (R2 = 0.90). The regressions improved further when data from 2015 only were used (R2 = 0.99). The results represent the first quantitative report showing that differences in vigor among cultivars can be completely explained in terms of different dry matter partitioning into fruit, supporting the hypothesis that early bearing is a major cause, rather than merely a consequence, of lower vigor in young ‘Arbequina’ trees. These results provide new understanding on vigor differences across cultivars, which will be useful for breeding and selection of new genotypes.

scholarly journals Carbon Exchange Rate and Accumulation in Limbs of Fruiting and Nonfruiting Apple Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ido Schechter ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
D.C. Elfving
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Unit Leaf

Mature `Sturdeespur Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees on MM.106 rootstocks were hand-deblossomed or hand-pollinated in 1989 and 1990. Two representative limbs were chosen at bloom on each tree in 1989, one of which was girdled (G) while the other served as a control. One representative limb was selected at bloom in 1990. Three leaf types were studied: shoot (SH) leaves, leaves on nonfruiting (NF) spurs (S-F), and leaves on fruiting (F) spurs (S + F). The presence of fruit did not affect C exchange rate (CER). Girdling fruiting limbs reduced CER by ≈10%. Girdling NF limbs resulted in starch accumulation in the leaves and low CER. SH leaves had the highest CER per unit leaf area, while S + F leaves had the lowest. Total seasonal dry weight (DW) accumulated in leaves, fruit, and wood, normalized per square centimeter limb cross-sectional area (LCSA), was higher in F trees. Roots were longer and DW of roots extracted from soil core samples was higher in NF trees. NF trees had significantly more vegetative growth in new shoots and dry-matter increment in wood than F trees.

Pelvic Canal Narrowing Caused by Triple Pelvic Osteotomy in the Dog

1994 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 110-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Holmberg ◽  
M. B. Hurtig ◽  
H. R. Sukhiani
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Pelvic Osteotomy ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Canal Width ◽  
Operative Complications ◽  
Post Operative Complications

SummaryDuring a triple pelvic osteotomy, rotation of the free acetabular segment causes the pubic remnant on the acetabulum to rotate into the pelvic canal. The resulting narrowing may cause complications by impingement on the organs within the pelvic canal. Triple pelvic osteotomies were performed on ten cadaver pelves with pubic remnants equal to 0, 25, and 50% of the hemi-pubic length and angles of acetabular rotation of 20, 30, and 40 degrees. All combinations of pubic remnant lengths and angles of acetabular rotation caused a significant reduction in pelvic canal-width and cross-sectional area, when compared to the inact pelvis. Zero, 25, and 50% pubic remnants result in 15, 35, and 50% reductions in pelvic canal width respectively. Overrotation of the acetabulum should be avoided and the pubic remnant on the acetabular segment should be minimized to reduce postoperative complications due to pelvic canal narrowing.When performing triple pelvic osteotomies, the length of the pubic remnant on the acetabular segment and the angle of acetabular rotation both significantly narrow the pelvic canal. To reduce post-operative complications, due to narrowing of the pelvic canal, overrotation of the acetabulum should be avoided and the length of the pubic remnant should be minimized.

DETERMINATION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE ROD’S CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA USING VIBRATION EIGENFREQUENCIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
I.M. UTYASHEV ◽  
◽  
A.A. AITBAEVA ◽  
A.A. YULMUKHAMETOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Longitudinal Vibrations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Method Error ◽  
Various Boundary Conditions ◽  
Elastic Fixation ◽  
Crosssectional Area

The paper presents solutions to the direct and inverse problems on longitudinal vibrations of a rod with a variable cross-sectional area. The law of variation of the cross-sectional area is modeled as an exponential function of a polynomial of degree n . The method for reconstructing this function is based on representing the fundamental system of solutions of the direct problem in the form of a Maclaurin series in the variables x and λ. Examples of solutions for various section functions and various boundary conditions are given. It is shown that to recover n unknown coefficients of a polynomial, n eigenvalues are required, and the solution is dual. An unambiguous solution was obtained only for the case of elastic fixation at one of the rod’s ends. The numerical estimation of the method error was made using input data noise. It is shown that the error in finding the variable crosssectional area is less than 1% with the error in the eigenvalues of longitudinal vibrations not exceeding 0.0001.

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