scholarly journals The early developmental stages of gall-inducing insects define final gall structural and histochemical profiles: the case of Bystracoccus mataybae galls on Matayba guianensis

Botany ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Flávia de Melo Silva ◽  
Vinícius Coelho Kuster ◽  
Uiara Costa Rezende ◽  
Denis Coelho de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Gall Inducer ◽  
Early Developmental

Gall morphotypes depend on continuous chemical and feeding stimuli of the gall inducer, which promotes specific structural and metabolic changes in plant tissues. The galling insect manipulates host-plant tissues and may stimulate the production of primary and secondary metabolites. The type of chemical arsenal and the storage site varies according to the developmental potentials of the host plant and the insect’s feeding habit. Here, we investigated whether the structural and histochemical profiles of the gall system Matayba guianensis Aubl. (Sapindaceae) – Bystracoccus mataybae (Eriococcidae) are dependent on the instars of the galling insect. Standard anatomical analyses were carried out, as well as histochemical evaluation of reactive oxygen species and primary and secondary metabolites. Structural changes induced by the first instar nymphs were detected on the stem, while deep changes induced by the second instar nymphs and adult females were detected in leaflet galls, indicating that the host-plant tissue can impose more limits on gall development and complexity than the stages of galling insect development. The compartmentalization of primary and secondary compounds is established during the early stages of development of the leaflet gall by the second instar nymphs. Despite deep structural differences between stem and leaflet galls, there were no significant changes in the establishment of the histochemical profiles.

scholarly journals Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycoris radiata

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Chang Ha Park ◽  
Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽  
Ye Jin Kim ◽  
Bao Van Nguyen ◽  
Ye Eun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Hydrophilic Compounds ◽  
Tca Cycle Intermediates

This study aimed to elucidate the variations in primary and secondary metabolites during Lycorisradiata flower development using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The result showed that seven carotenoids, seven phenolic acids, three anthocyanins, and galantamine were identified in the L. radiata flowers. Most secondary metabolite levels gradually decreased according to the flower developmental stages. A total of 51 metabolites, including amines, sugars, sugar intermediates, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, were identified and quantified using GC-TOFMS. Among the hydrophilic compounds, most amino acids increased during flower development; in contrast, TCA cycle intermediates and sugars decreased. In particular, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, which represent the main inter- and intracellular nitrogen carriers, were positively correlated with the other amino acids and were negatively correlated with the TCA cycle intermediates. Furthermore, quantitation data of the 51 hydrophilic compounds were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) to assess significant differences in the metabolites of L. radiata flowers from stages 1 to 4. Therefore, this study will serve as the foundation for a biochemical approach to understand both primary and secondary metabolism in L. radiata flower development.

Effects of age and food source on secondary chemistry of larvae of Lymantria species (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Deml
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Dissimilarity Coefficients

AbstractHaemolymph and osmeterial secretions of caterpillars of Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus) and L. concolor Walker were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for low molecular weight secondary metabolites. The similarities of their chemical compositions were determined by means of cluster analysis techniques in order to characterize possible chemical variations related to developmental stage or food of the larvae. For this purpose, two dissimilarity coefficients (Euclidean distances, Canberra metrics) and four clustering methods (UPGMA, WPGMA, WPGMC, single linkage) were combined. The patterns of secondary compounds obtained from the haemolymph and osmeterial secretions studied did not differ statistically significantly between two groups of L. monacha larvae fed with either larch, Larix decidua Mil., or Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.), indicating no relevant influence of plant chemistry. However, haemolymph of penultimate instar larvae of L. concolor fed on Rhododendroncontained a mixture of compounds differing statistically significantly from that of last instar caterpillars. The total compositions of the corresponding gland secretions were statistically identical though the presence/amounts of individual compounds varied. This suggested that the haemolymph composition reflected changing physiological requirements of the successive instars, whereas the composition of the defensive mixtures remained comparatively constant, possibly due to a constant spectrum of potential enemies. A more pronounced age-dependence of larval chemistry was shown by a similar analysis of data from various developmental stages of L. dispar (Linnaeus) and one of its food plants. This analysis suggested plant composition affected the secondary chemistry of early larval instars of L. dispar. The results are discussed in terms of the roles of secondary metabolites in defence against natural enemies.

scholarly journals Bitki Sekonder Maddelerinin Herbivor Böceklere Etkileri

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Oğuzhan Yanar ◽  
Elif Fatma Topkara
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chemical Defense ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Interspecies Competition ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
And Behavior

Plants have developed mechanical and chemical defense strategies that are effective against herbivores. Plants contain chemicals that are known as secondary metabolites (allelochemical) and these chemicals do not directly involve in organisms’ reproduction and growth, on the other hand, they affect survival, growth and behavior of species. These compounds usually take ecological tasks and plants use these compounds against diseases, parasites, and predators for interspecies competition. It is known through the observations on feeding of herbivorous insects that these compounds act as deterrent chemicals or they are toxic against them. Feeding is one of the most fundamental and the most important behaviors for herbivorous insects. Even though host plant preference of herbivores is partially depend on nutrients, this behavior greatly depends on secondary chemistry of plants. Effects of secondary compounds on herbivorous insects can be positive or negative.

scholarly journals Development of the red algal parasite Vertebrata aterrimophila sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) from New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Preuss ◽  
Giuseppe Zuccarello
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Parasite Stage ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Early Developmental

© 2019, © 2019 British Phycological Society. Parasitic red algae grow only on other red algae and have over 120 described species. Developmental studies in red algal parasites are few, although they have shown that secondary pit connections formed between parasite and host and proposed that this was an important process in successful parasitism. Furthermore, it was recorded that the transfer of parasite nuclei by these secondary pit connections led to different host cell effects. We used developmental studies to reconstruct early stages and any host cell effects of a parasite on Vertebrata aterrima. A mitochondrial marker (cox1) and morphological observations (light and fluorescence microscopy) were used to describe this new red algal parasite as Vertebrata aterrimophila sp. nov. Early developmental stages show that a parasite spore connects via secondary pit connections with a pericentral host cell after cuticle penetration. Developmental observations revealed a unique connection cell that grows into a ‘trunk-like’ structure. Host cell transformation after infection by the parasite included apparent increases in both carbohydrate concentrations and nuclear size, as well as structural changes. Analyses of molecular phylogenies and reproductive structures indicated that the closest relative of V. aterrimophila is its host, V. aterrima. Our study shows a novel developmental parasite stage (‘trunk-like’ cell) and highlights the need for further developmental studies to investigate the range of developmental patterns and host effects in parasitic red algae.

Ontogeny, structure, and necrosis of trichomes on the epidermis of slipper spurge (Pedilanthus tithymaloides)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1220-1222
Author(s):  
Y. S. Dave ◽  
N. D. Patel ◽  
K. S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Basal Cell ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Developmental

The trichomes of slipper spurge (Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poit.) are uniseriate, curved, and branched or unbranched. The trichome originates by an enlargement of a single protodermal initial, which elongates and gradually becomes curved, septate, and branched. Cytoplasm is present only during its early developmental stages. Later its cytoplasm and nucleus undergo necrosis and its walls become thickened. The structural changes occur during the bilumenation of the basal cell. The distal part above the bilumenated basal cell of the trichome is finally shed and only the thick-walled basal cell remains.

How Galling Organisms Manipulate the Secondary Metabolites in the Host Plant Tissues?: A Histochemical Overview in Neotropical Gall Systems

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius Coelho Kuster ◽  
Uiara Costa Rezende ◽  
João Custódio Fernandes Cardoso ◽  
Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias ◽  
Denis Coelho de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Tissues

scholarly journals Comparative Metabolic Profiling of Grape Pulp during the Growth Process Reveals Systematic Influences under Root Restriction

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Feng Leng ◽  
Shuyan Duan ◽  
Shiren Song ◽  
Liping Zhao ◽  
Wenping Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Amino Acids And Derivatives ◽  
Root Restriction

The compositions and contents of metabolites in the pulp tissue play critical roles in the fruit quality for table grape. In this study, the effects of root restriction (RR) on the primary and secondary metabolites of pulp tissue at five developmental stages were studied at the metabolomics level, using “Red Alexandria” grape berry (Vitis vinifera L.) as materials. The main results were as follows: 283 metabolites were annotated by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS); 28 and 16 primary metabolites contents were increased and decreased, and 11 and 19 secondary metabolites contents were increased and decreased, respectively, along the berry development; RR significantly decreased 12 metabolites (four amino acids and derivatives, three organic acids, four flavonoids and one other compound) contents, and improved 40 metabolites (22 amino acids and derivatives, six nucleotides, four carbohydrates, four cofactors, three cinnamic acids and one other compound) accumulation at the different developmental stages. Altogether, our study would be helpful to increase our understanding of grape berry’s responses to RR stress.

scholarly journals Development of the red algal parasite Vertebrata aterrimophila sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) from New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Preuss ◽  
Giuseppe Zuccarello
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Parasite Stage ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Early Developmental

© 2019, © 2019 British Phycological Society. Parasitic red algae grow only on other red algae and have over 120 described species. Developmental studies in red algal parasites are few, although they have shown that secondary pit connections formed between parasite and host and proposed that this was an important process in successful parasitism. Furthermore, it was recorded that the transfer of parasite nuclei by these secondary pit connections led to different host cell effects. We used developmental studies to reconstruct early stages and any host cell effects of a parasite on Vertebrata aterrima. A mitochondrial marker (cox1) and morphological observations (light and fluorescence microscopy) were used to describe this new red algal parasite as Vertebrata aterrimophila sp. nov. Early developmental stages show that a parasite spore connects via secondary pit connections with a pericentral host cell after cuticle penetration. Developmental observations revealed a unique connection cell that grows into a ‘trunk-like’ structure. Host cell transformation after infection by the parasite included apparent increases in both carbohydrate concentrations and nuclear size, as well as structural changes. Analyses of molecular phylogenies and reproductive structures indicated that the closest relative of V. aterrimophila is its host, V. aterrima. Our study shows a novel developmental parasite stage (‘trunk-like’ cell) and highlights the need for further developmental studies to investigate the range of developmental patterns and host effects in parasitic red algae.

How Galling Organisms Manipulate the Secondary Metabolites in the Host Plant Tissues? A Histochemical Overview in Neotropical Gall Systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 823-842
Author(s):  
Vinícius Coelho Kuster ◽  
Uiara Costa Rezende ◽  
João Custódio Fernandes Cardoso ◽  
Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias ◽  
Denis Coelho de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Tissues

Life cycle of Aylax hypecoi (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), a gall inducer on Hypecoum ssp. (Papaveraceae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Anelia Stojanova ◽  
Marian Draganov
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Gall Inducer ◽  
Shape And Size

AbstractThe life cycle and developmental stages of Aylax hypecoi (Trotter, 1913, Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Aylacini) were studied in detail. Aylax hypecoi is known to induce galls in fruits of two Hypecoum species — H. imberbe and H. geslini (Papaveraceae) and the larva develops in host plant fruits. The morphology and development of egg, larva and pupa were investigated, which has previously not been done. The shape and size of terminal-instar larvae and associated galls are sex-specific. Overwintering stage, adult emergence and flying periods, and egg productivity were studied also.

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