Pleistocene mammals from Extinction Cave, Belize

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-376
Author(s):  
C.S. Churcher

A small mammalian fauna is recorded from Extinction Cave (also called Sibun Cave), east of Belmopan, on the Sibun River, Belize, Central America. The animals recognized are armadillo (†Dasypus bellus), American lion (†Panthera atrox), jaguar (Panthera onca), puma or mountain lion (Puma concolor), Florida spectacled bear (†Tremarctos floridanus), javelina or collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), llama (Camelidae indet., †?Palaeolama mirifica), red brocket deer (Mazama americana), bison (Bison sp.) and Mexican half-ass (†Equus conversidens); sabre-toothed cat (†Smilodon fatalis) may also be represented. “†” indicates an extinct taxon. Bear and bison are absent from the region today. The bison record is one of the more southerly known. The bear record is almost the most westerly known and a first for Central America.

Oryx ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisanne S. Petracca ◽  
O. Eric Ramírez-Bravo ◽  
Lorna Hernández-Santín

AbstractThe use of wildlife corridors to maintain landscape connectivity has become increasingly relevant to the conservation of wide-ranging species, including the jaguar Panthera onca. Jaguars are particularly threatened in Mexico, where corridor linkages are tenuous as a result of habitat fragmentation. Our study assessed a section of potential corridor south of the Sierra Madre Oriental in eastern Mexico. We conducted 245 interviews with local inhabitants in 140 36-km2 sampling units over a 5-month period and compiled detection histories for jaguars and five prey species: collared peccary Pecari tajacu, red brocket deer Mazama americana, white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, spotted paca Agouti paca, and nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. These detection histories were then analysed using site occupancy modelling. Each sampling unit was assigned a probability of habitat use based on (1) the two smaller prey species (paca and armadillo) and (2) at least two of the larger prey species (collared peccary and two deer species) using habitat in that unit. This probability estimate was considered a proxy for the prey base of each sampling unit and therefore the unit's suitability as a jaguar corridor. Although the prey base in some areas appears adequate to support a jaguar population, large-scale development projects and the paucity of jaguar sign are major obstacles to this region's potential as a jaguar corridor. Our results suggest that the eastern coast of Mexico may not be a priority area for range-wide jaguar conservation.


2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-305
Author(s):  
Valdir Leite da Silva ◽  
José Cândido ◽  
José Nelson Campanha ◽  
Doraci R. de Oliveira ◽  
Carla Gheler-Costa ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 121-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepción Ahuja-Aguirre ◽  
Lorena López-deBuen ◽  
Susana Rojas-Maya ◽  
Bertha C. Hernández-Cruz

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (31) ◽  
pp. 1883-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias de Freitas Soares Filippe ◽  
Humberto de Queiroz Jose ◽  
Victor de Araujo Jackson ◽  
Gorete Ramos Rodrigues Maria ◽  
de Oliveira Tavela Alexandre ◽  
...  

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hector Orlando Portillo Reyes ◽  
Fausto Elvir

RESUMENEn Honduras ocurren cinco especies de felinos, jaguar (Panthera onca), puma (Puma concolor), ocelote (Leopardus pardalis), caucel (Leopardus wiedii) y el yaguarundí (Puma yagouaroundi). Se comparó la composición de las cinco especies de felinos en 15 áreas naturales  protegidas, las cuales se agruparon en tres regiones con diferentes zonas de vida, ecosistemas y gradientes altitudinal siendo estas; la región Moskitia, la región Central y la región Caribe. Se evaluó la detección de felinos con la presencia/ausencia en cada área. Se realizó un dendrograma y un análisis no métrico multidimensional para comparar la similitud entre áreas protegidas y especies. El hallazgo significativo es la ausencia del jaguar en las áreas protegidas de la región Central de Honduras, donde posiblemente se ha dado su extirpación. El puma, el ocelote, el caucel y el yaguarundí, se registran en las tres regiones del país. Al comparar la composición de los felinos en las tres regiones usando el análisis de similitud, este presentó diferencias significativas entre las áreas protegidas evaluadas. La región Central mostró menor composición que la región del Caribe y la Moskitia. La región de la Moskitia hondureña se muestra como la región con mayor resilencia para mantener las cinco especies de felinos.Palabras clave: Composición, conglomerados, escalamiento multi-dimesional no métrico (nmds), análisis de similitud (anosim), disimilitud, Moskitia. ABSTRACTHonduras is territory of five species of cats, jaguar (Panthera onca), puma (Puma concolor), ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), margay (Leopardus wiedii) and the yaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi). The composition of the five cats in 15 protected areas was compared grouped in three regions:  the Moskitia, Caribbean and Central region with different life zones, ecosystems and altitudinal levels. Cat detection was evaluated by presence/absence in each protected area. Cluster analysis and non- metric multidimentional scaling were used to compare similarity between protected areas and species. The significant finding is the absence of the jaguar in protected areas in the Central Region of Honduras confirming local extirpation. Puma, ocelots, margay and the yaguarundi are present in the three regions.  Comparing composition of cats between the three region using similarity analysis this presented significant difference between protected areas. The Central region showed a lower composition in cat structure that The Caribbean and Moskitia region. The Honduran Moskitia region showed a higher resilience to maintain the five cats.Key words: Composition, conglomerates, non-metric multidimentional scaling (nmds), analysis of similarity (anosim), dissimilarity, Moskitia.


2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Giovanii Estrada Hernández

RESUMEN: La Selva Maya es el bosque tropical de hoja ancha más extenso de Centroamérica, se extiende entre México, Guatemala y Belice. El jaguar y el puma, son los felinos más grandes de América. En esta zona viven simpátricamente por lo que se presupone segregación en alguno de los componentes de su nicho ecológico. En este estudio se analizaron y compararon tres de los componentes principales del nicho: dieta, uso de hábitat y patrones de actividad, con el objetivo de evaluar si existe segregación entre el jaguar y el puma. Para la obtención de los datos se colectaron excrementos de manera oportunista, y se utilizaron trampas de cámaras automáticas en cuatro áreas protegidas. Se analizo la zona de estudio, a través de sistemas de información geográfica para determinar las proporciones de distintos tipos de hábitat presentes, y se colectaron datos de abundancias de las presas. Se analizaron los patrones y en la dieta, en el hábitat utilizado y en el horario de actividad. Se determino que el jaguar tuvo una dieta diferente y mas amplia comparada con la del puma, así también que este consume en promedio, presas más pequeñas. Las presas preferidas por elpuma fueron, tres especies de venados y tepezcuintles. Para el jaguar fueron coches de monte, pizotes y armadillos. Ambas especies presentaron un patrón similar de uso de hábitat, donde el "bosque alto" fue utilizado proporcionalmente a su abundancia, y el puma evitó el "bosque bajo". En cuanto a los patrones de actividad, ambos prefirieron horas nocturnas para desplazarse, aunque el puma presento mayor variabilidad. Se observo que ambas especies no se segregan mutuamente, espacial ni temporalmente. La frecuente utilización del "bosque bajo" y su relación con las aguadas y arroyos, es un factor importante en el mantenimiento de poblaciones de grandes felinos en la Selva MayaPALABRAS CLAVE: Felidae, Panthera onca, Puma concolor, coexistencia, nicho ecológico, Selva Maya, segregación ecológica.ABSTRACT: The Mayan Forest is the largest tropical broad-leaf forest remainder in Central America which extends between Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. Jaguar and puma are the biggest American wild cats. In this area both live sympatric which suggest segregation in at least one of its ecological niche components. In this study I analyzed and compared three of the principal niche components: diet, habitat use and activity patterns, with the main objective of assess if occurs ecological segregation among jaguar and puma. To obtain the data it was collected  jaguar and puma’s scats in an opportunistic way, and was used automatic camera traps in four protected areas. I analyzed the study area by geographic information system (GIS) to determine proportions of different habitat types, and also I used  previous collected prey abundance data. I analyzed patterns in diet, in habitat use and temporal activity. I found that jaguar had a wider prey spectrum than puma; jaguar took (in average) smallest preys, consequently, diets were significantly different. Puma preferred deer, brocket deer and paca as main prey; in contrast, jaguar preferred collared pecari, coati and armadillo. Both predator species presented a similar pattern in habitat usage, in which "highland forest" was used accordingly with its availability and puma avoided "lowland forest". About activity patterns, both were more active in the night time, however, puma was more variable in this aspect. Both species did not show segregation spatially or temporally. KEYWORDS: Felidae, Panthera onca, Puma concolor, coexistence, ecologic niche, Mayan forest, ecologic segregation.


2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-257
Author(s):  
J. Edgardo Arévalo ◽  
Yoryineth Méndez ◽  
Sergio Vargas

Although monitoring of animal populations for informed decision making is fundamental for the conservation and management of biodiversity, monitoring programs are not widely implemented. In addition, monitoring plans often represent an economic burden for many conservation organizations. Here we report on the monitoring of five focal species of mammals in the Tilarán mountain range, Costa Rica. We used a participatory approach in which trained rangers of four institutions conducted trail surveys in an area of ca 50,000ha to determine the presence/absence of the paca (Cuniculus paca), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), tapir (Tapirus bairdii), jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) using track collections. Permanent transects of 3 km were sampled on the same day every month in 2000-01 (141 km) and 2009-10 (303 km). Four of the five focal species were registered in our sampling. One of the most valuable outcomes of the study was the initiative of the rangers to train community members to participate in the monitoring plan. We believe that this participatory approach not only has great potential for the integration of rangers in long term monitoring, but also the incorporation of citizen science-based programs. Multi-institutional collaboration for species monitoring could reduce costs and increase the sampling effort.


2015 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Wilckens ◽  
Joshua B. Smith ◽  
Stephanie A. Tucker ◽  
Daniel J. Thompson ◽  
Jonathan A. Jenks

Abstract Recent recolonization of mountain lions ( Puma concolor ) into the Little Missouri Badlands of North Dakota has led to questions regarding the potential impacts of predation on prey populations in the region. From 2012 to 2013, we deployed 9 real-time GPS collars to investigate mountain lion feeding habits. We monitored mountain lions for 1,845 telemetry-days, investigated 506 GPS clusters, and identified 292 feeding events. Deer ( Odocoileus spp.) were the most prevalent item in mountain lion diets (76.9%). We used logistic regression to predict feeding events and size of prey consumed at an additional 535 clusters. Our top model for predicting presence of prey items produced a receiver operating characteristic score of 0.90 and an overall accuracy of 81.4%. Application of our models to all GPS clusters resulted in an estimated ungulate kill rate of 1.09 ungulates/week (95% confidence interval [ CI ] = 0.83–1.36) in summer (15 May‒15 November) and 0.90 ungulates/week (95% CI = 0.69–1.12) in winter (16 November‒14 May). Estimates of total biomass consumed were 5.8kg/day (95% CI = 4.7–6.9) in summer and 7.2kg/day (95% CI = 5.3–9.2) in winter. Overall scavenge rates were 3.7% in summer and 11.9% in winter. Prey composition included higher proportions of nonungulates in summer (female = 21.5%; male = 24.8%) than in winter (female = 4.8%; male = 7.5%). Proportion of juvenile ungulates in mountain lion diets increased during the fawning season (June‒August) following the ungulate birth pulse in June (June–August = 60.7%, 95% CI = 43.0–78.3; September–May = 37.2%, 95% CI = 30.8–43.7), resulting in an ungulate kill rate 1.61 times higher (1.41 ungulates/week, 95% CI = 1.12–1.71) than during the remainder of the year (0.88 ungulates/week, 95% CI = 0.62–1.13). Quantifying these feeding characteristics is essential to assessing the potential impacts of mountain lions on prey populations in the North Dakota Badlands, where deer dominate the available prey base and mountain lions represent the lone apex predator.


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