Factors influencing spawner success in a spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reintroduction program

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 1390-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Sard ◽  
Kathleen G. O’Malley ◽  
Dave P. Jacobson ◽  
Michael J. Hogansen ◽  
Marc A. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Migratory Fish ◽  
Release Date ◽  
Variation Explained ◽  
Release Location ◽  
Migratory Fishes

Dams have contributed to the decline of migratory fishes by blocking access to historical habitat. The active transport (trap and haul) of migratory fish species above existing dams can sometimes support population recovery when the use of fish ladders or dam removal is infeasible. However, little is known about the efficacy of trap and haul conservation strategies. Here we used genetic parentage assignments to evaluate the efficacy of reintroducing adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) above Cougar Dam on the South Fork McKenzie River, Oregon, USA, from 2008 to 2011. We found that mean reproductive success (RS) declined as adults were released later in the spawning season in 2009 and 2010; however, release location did not affect RS. In 2010 and 2011, we tested for RS differences between hatchery and natural origin (HOR and NOR, respectively) adults. HOR males were consistently less fit than NOR males, but little evidence for fitness differences was apparent between HOR and NOR females. Interestingly, the effect of origin on RS was not significant after accounting for variation explained by body length. Our results indicate that release date and location have inconsistent or no effect on the reproductive success of reintroduced adults when active transport strategies are employed for migratory fishes.

Behavioural and genetic analyses of mate choice and reproductive success in two Chinook salmon populations

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa L. Evans ◽  
Bryan D. Neff ◽  
Daniel D. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Evolutionary Force

Sexual selection is recognized as an important evolutionary force in salmon. However, relatively little is known about variation in sexual selection pressures across salmon populations or the potential role of natural selection as a driver of adaptive mating patterns. Here, we examine mating behaviour and correlates of reproductive success in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Quinsam and Little Qualicum rivers in British Columbia, Canada — two populations for which we have previously found evidence of natural selection operating on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. In both populations, males courted females and exhibited dominance behaviour towards other males, and the frequency of each behaviour was positively associated with reproductive success. Males were more aggressive towards females with whom they would produce offspring of low or high MHC class II diversity, and the offspring of males from the Quinsam River exhibited higher diversity at the MHC class I than expected. We discuss our results in relation to local natural selection pressures on the MHC and the potential for MHC-dependent mate choice.

Homing and Straying Patterns of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from a New Zealand Hatchery: Spatial Distribution of Strays and Effects of Release Date

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1168-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Unwin ◽  
Thomas P. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Release Date

Homing and straying patterns of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) released from the Glenariffe Salmon Research Station on the Rakaia River, New Zealand, are reported, based on coded-wire tag recoveries from the 1978–84 brood years. Of 17 671 tagged adults recovered, 87.9% returned to the Rakaia, and the rest were recovered from 12 other catchments up to 500 km away. The number of strays entering a given river increased with discharge and with proximity to the Rakaia, but most strays were recorded in catchments north of the Rakaia. A higher proportion of salmon released in winter, when the downriver migration of naturally produced chinook is a minimum, strayed to other catchments (14.9–20.6%) than did those released at other times of the year (3.6–7.6%). However, straying within the Rakaia catchment was largely unaffected by release date, suggesting that imprinting by fry to the natal tributary is separate from imprinting by smolts to the mainstem river. There was a complex interaction between age at maturity, release date, and straying rates; straying of 4-yr-old fish was more strongly influenced by release date than straying of younger fish. Notwithstanding this interaction, straying was more prevalent among older fish.

Ecological and genetic risks arising from reproductive interactions between wild and farmed Chinook salmon

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1691-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Lehnert ◽  
John W. Heath ◽  
Daniel D. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Genetic Risks ◽  
Xx Males

Escapes from aquaculture sites may threaten wild populations through ecological risks such as reproductive interference and genetic risks through successful hybridization. Mating studies examining wild–farmed interactions should quantify fertilization and reproductive success separately through genotyping of eggs and fry, respectively, to estimate ecological and genetic risks. We examined fertilization and reproductive success (fry survival to 158 and 201 days) of farmed (XY and XX males) and wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) males in competitive seminatural spawning channels with farmed females. XY and XX farmed males did not differ in fertilization and reproductive success. Farmed and wild males exhibited no difference in fertilization success; however, farmed males experienced significantly lower reproductive success relative to wild owing to differences in egg-to-fry survival because of competition with wild-sired offspring. Therefore, farmed males pose ecological risk to wild populations by removing reproductive opportunities from wild males, potentially reducing wild salmon productivity. However, low survival of farm-sired offspring will reduce further opportunities for interbreeding between wild and farm-raised fish. Nevertheless, research is needed to further quantify these genetic impacts.

Systematic hexamitid (Protozoa: Diplomonadida) Infection in seawater pen-reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Kent ◽  
J Ellis ◽  
JW Fournie ◽  
SC Dawe ◽  
JW Bagshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha

scholarly journals Managed Wetlands Can Benefit Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Tidal Marsh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Aha ◽  
Peter B. Moyle ◽  
Nann A. Fangue ◽  
Andrew L. Rypel ◽  
John R. Durand
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Nursery Habitat ◽  
San Francisco Estuary ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

AbstractLoss of estuarine and coastal habitats worldwide has reduced nursery habitat and function for diverse fishes, including juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Underutilized off-channel habitats such as flooded rice fields and managed ponds present opportunities for improving rearing conditions and increasing habitat diversity along migratory corridors. While experiments in rice fields have shown enhanced growth rates of juvenile fishes, managed ponds are less studied. To evaluate the potential of these ponds as a nursery habitat, juvenile Chinook salmon (~ 2.8 g, 63 mm FL) were reared in cages in four contrasting locations within Suisun Marsh, a large wetland in the San Francisco Estuary. The locations included a natural tidal slough, a leveed tidal slough, and the inlet and outlet of a tidally muted managed pond established for waterfowl hunting. Fish growth rates differed significantly among locations, with the fastest growth occurring near the outlet in the managed pond. High zooplankton biomass at the managed pond outlet was the best correlate of salmon growth. Water temperatures in the managed pond were also cooler and less variable compared to sloughs, reducing thermal stress. The stress of low dissolved oxygen concentrations within the managed pond was likely mediated by high concentrations of zooplankton and favorable temperatures. Our findings suggest that muted tidal habitats in the San Francisco Estuary and elsewhere could be managed to promote growth and survival of juvenile salmon and other native fishes.

Analysis of straying variation in Alaskan hatchery chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) following transplantation

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J Hard ◽  
William R Heard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Substantial Variation

In 1976 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gametes from the Chickamin and Unuk rivers in southeastern Alaska were transplanted 250 km to establish hatchery runs at Little Port Walter (LPW), Baranof Island. From 1977 to 1989, 1 862 058 marked smolts from 12 broods were released from LPW. Homing and straying were estimated from adult recoveries at 25 locations in Alaska and British Columbia between 1981 and 1989. Of 22 198 LPW fish recovered over this period, 21 934 (98.8%) were collected at LPW. Of 264 fish recovered elsewhere, 38.3% were within 7 km of LPW; 64.4% were within 25 km of LPW. No LPW fish were recovered from the ancestral rivers, but nine fish were recovered from rivers supporting wild chinook salmon. Straying declined with distance from the release site but varied between hatcheries and streams. Straying declined with increasing age and run size. Straying was similar between the populations but varied among broods, and analysis of straying in experimental groups provided evidence for a heritable component. Males strayed more often than females. Population, gender, run size, and recovery age interacted to produce substantial variation in straying, indicating that run composition can produce complex straying responses.

Route selection in a large river during the homing migration of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1752-1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L Keefer ◽  
Christopher C Caudill ◽  
Christopher A Peery ◽  
Theodore C Bjornn
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Large River ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Efficient Route

Upstream-migrating adult salmon must make a series of correct navigation and route-selection decisions to successfully locate natal streams. In this field study, we examined factors influencing migration route selections early in the migration of 4361 radio-tagged adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) as they moved upstream past dams in the large (~1 km wide) Columbia River. Substantial behavioral differences were observed among 11 conspecific populations, despite largely concurrent migrations. At dams, Chinook salmon generally preferred ladder passage routes adjacent to the shoreline where their natal tributaries entered, and the degree of preference increased as salmon proximity to natal tributaries increased. Columbia River discharge also influenced route choices, explaining some route selection variability. We suggest that salmon detect lateral gradients in orientation cues across the Columbia River channel that are entrained within tributary plumes and that these gradients in cues can persist downstream for tens to hundreds of kilometres. Detection of tributary plumes in large river systems, using olfactory or other navigation cues, may facilitate efficient route selection and optimize energy conservation by long-distance migrants.

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