Carbon dioxide water-bath treatment augments peripheral blood flow through the development of angiogenesis

In this study, we investigated the effects of CO2 water-bath therapy on blood flow and angiogenesis in the ischemic hind limb, as well as some plasma angiogenic factors in peripheral ischemic model. The hind limb ischemia was induced by occluding the femoral artery for 2 weeks in rats and treated with or without CO2 water-bath therapy at 37 °C for 4 weeks (20 min treatment every day for 5 days per week). The peak blood flow and minimal and mean blood flow in the ischemic skeletal muscle were markedly increased by the CO2 water-bath therapy. This increase in blood flow was associated with development of angiogenesis in the muscle, as well as reduction in the ischemia-induced increase in plasma malondialdehyde levels. Although plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and nitric oxide levels were increased in animals with peripheral ischemia, the changes in these biomarkers were not affected by CO2 water-bath therapy. These results suggest that augmentation of blood flow in the ischemic hind limb by CO2 water-bath therapy may be due to the development of angiogenesis and reduction in oxidative stress.

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Temperature-dependent effects on CO2 water bath therapy induced changes in blood flow and vascularity in hind limb ischemia

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/cjpp-2019-0537 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 228-235

Author(s):

Vijayan Elimban ◽

Yan-Jun Xu ◽

Sukhwinder K. Bhullar ◽

Naranjan S. Dhalla

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Hind Limb ◽

Plasma Lipid ◽

Limb Ischemia ◽

Water Bath ◽

Vascular Density ◽

Small Blood Vessel ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Ischemic Limb ◽

Bath Therapy

To test if magnitudes of the beneficial actions of CO2 water bath therapy on blood flow and vascular density are dependent upon temperature, ischemia in the hind limb of rats was induced by occluding the left femoral artery for 2 weeks and the animals were exposed to water bath therapy with or without CO2 at 34 or 41 °C for 4 weeks (20 min treatment each day for 5 days/week). CO2 water bath therapy at 34 °C increased peak, minimal, and mean blood flow by 190%–600% in the ischemic limb. On the other hand, CO2 water bath treatment at 41 °C increased these parameters of blood flow by 37%, 55%, and 41%, respectively, in the ischemic limb. The small blood vessel count, an index of vascular density, in the ischemic limb was increased by CO2 water bath therapy at 34 and 41 °C by 32% and 122%, respectively. No changes in the ischemic animals by CO2 water bath therapy at 34 or 41 °C were observed in the heart rate, R–R interval, and plasma lipid or glucose levels. These data indicate that the beneficial effect of CO2 water bath therapy at 34 °C on blood flow in the ischemic muscle is greater whereas that on vascular density is smaller than changes in these parameters at 41 °C.

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Effects of CO2 water-bath treatment on blood flow and angiogenesis in ischemic hind limb of diabetic rat

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/cjpp-2018-0160 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 96 (10) ◽

pp. 1017-1021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yan-Jun Xu ◽

Vijayan Elimban ◽

Sukhwinder K. Bhullar ◽

Naranjan S. Dhalla

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Femoral Artery ◽

Hind Limb ◽

Arterial Disease ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Water Bath ◽

Diabetic Rat ◽

Morphological Examination ◽

Peripheral Ischemia ◽

Bath Therapy

The effects of CO2 water-bath therapy on the hind limb of diabetic animals with or without peripheral ischemia were examined. Diabetes was induced in rats by administering streptozotocin (65 mg·kg−1), and the animals were then divided into 3 groups. After 4 weeks, peripheral ischemia was induced by ligation of the femoral artery for 2 weeks in 2 groups (diabetic ischemic) of diabetic rats, whereas the femoral artery was not occluded in the third group (diabetic). All these animals were subjected to water-bath therapy (with or without CO2 mixing; 20 min·day−1 for 5 days·week−1) for a period of 4 weeks. Both peak and mean flows, unlike minimal flow, in diabetic ischemic limbs were increased about a twofold by CO2 water-bath treatment. Morphological examination of hind limb tissue sections revealed about a twofold increase in the small artery count in diabetic ischemic animals upon CO2 water-bath treatment. These results indicate that CO2 water-bath therapy augments the blood flow and development of angiogenesis in the skeletal muscle of diabetic ischemic animals and thus may be of some benefit for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease in diabetes.

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