Solute sources and transport in an ephemeral badland catchment, southeastern Alberta, Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross A. Sutherland ◽  
Rorke B. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Stream Channel ◽  
Sediment Budgets ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Storm Duration ◽  
Storm Characteristics ◽  
Surficial Deposits ◽  
Provincial Park

This study was carried out as part of an investigation of water and sediment budgets in an ephemeral catchment in Dinosaur Provincial Park badlands, Alberta. These badlands have developed in Cretaceous mudstones, siltstones, and sandstones, with some glacial and postglacial surficial deposits. Study objectives were (i) to identify major solute sources, (ii) to show how these change with storm characteristics, and (iii) to assess the proportion of solutes in the total stream budget. Field examination, rainfall-simulation tests, and laboratory experiments showed marked variations in solute production on different lithologic surfaces. This information, when combined with data on threshold precipitation for runoff production from previous experiments, made it clear that solute production in the catchment is significantly influenced by storm characteristics. Observations indicate that in brief, low-intensity storms, runoff occurs only on sandstone, miniature-pediment, and stream-channel surfaces. Solute production on these surfaces is limited and is dominated by flushing of salts previously precipitated on the surface. In high-intensity or prolonged storms, runoff also occurs on mudstone surfaces and from subsurface tunnels. In both cases solute production is higher and increases with storm duration because of progressive mudstone dispersion. During the 12 storms monitored, the average stream-solute concentration was 308 mg L−1, which is approximately 1.4% of the total stream load.

Postglacial geomorphic development of the Dinosaur Provincial Park badlands, Alberta

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rorke B. Bryan ◽  
Ian A. Campbell ◽  
Aaron Yair
Keyword(s):  
Red Deer ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Sediment Discharge ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Provincial Park ◽  
Geomorphic Processes ◽  
Aeolian Sands

Experimental studies concerning current geomorphic processes and erosion rates in the badlands of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, have not explained the unusual extent of badland development or prominent nonstructural near-horizontal surfaces that occur in the park. Two of these surfaces result from spillway development associated with Wisconsin deglaciation, and the extent of badland development is associated with major spillway concentration and exposure of highly erodible Cretaceous strata. A third surface is associated with erosion caused by locally generated runoff. All surfaces are blanketed with aeolian sands and silts deposited around 5500 BP, which profoundly affected the hydrology of the area and water and sediment discharge from the badlands to the Red Deer River. Subsequent stripping of the aeolian cover by streams, along with piping and tunnel erosion, has reexposed vulnerable Cretaceous strata and restored the high erosion rates now observed in these badlands.

scholarly journals Dependence of the hygroscopicity parameter κ on particle size, humidity and solute concentration: implications for laboratory experiments, field measurements and model studies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhibin Wang ◽  
Yafang Cheng ◽  
Nan Ma ◽  
Eugene Mikhailov ◽  
Ulrich Pöschl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Ccn Activity

Abstract. The hygroscopicity parameter κ has been intensively used in the investigation of the water uptake, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles. A representative value of κ is often assigned to individual species or sources. Such treatment may lead to confusion in closure studies of κ derived from hygroscopic growth factor measurements (κgf) and CCN activity measurements (κCCN), and in studies of aerosols at the sub-10 nm size range. Here we show that for particles of the same dry composition, κ may differ as a function of water content, solute concentration and particle size. The concentration- and size-dependence of κ are demonstrated for representative inorganic and organic compounds, i.e., ammonium sulfate (AS), sodium chloride (NaCl) and sucrose. Our results illustrate that an absolute closure between κgf and κCCN should not be expected, and how the deviations observed in field and laboratory experiments can be quantitatively explained and reconciled. The difference between κgf and κCCN increases as particle size decreases reaching up to 40 % and 30 % for 10 nm AS and NaCl particles, respectively. Moreover, we show that the deviations of κCCN vary from ~ 10 % for 30 nm and ~ 40 % for 200 nm, indicating a strong dependence on the Köhler models and thermodynamic parameterizations used for instrument calibration (e.g., effective water vapor supersaturation in CCN counter). By taking these factors into account, we can largely explain apparent discrepancies between κgf and κCCN values reported in the scientific literature. Our results help to understand and interpret κ values determined at different water vapor ratios and at different size ranges (especially sub-10 nm). We highlight the importance of self-consistent thermodynamic parameterizations when using AS for calibration aerosol and taking it as a reference substance representing inorganics in closure study between chemical composition and hygroscopicity of aerosol particles.

scholarly journals Soil Management and Slope Impacts on Soil Properties, Hydrological Response, and Erosion in Hazelnut Orchard

Soil Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Josip Telak ◽  
Ivan Dugan ◽  
Igor Bogunovic
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Hydrological Response ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
Intensively Managed

Proper soil management is crucial to mitigate soil degradation. Hazelnut orchards are often raised on slopes and intensively managed, which makes them similar to the already defined highly erodible land uses like vineyards. This research aims to assess the impacts of soil management and the slope on the soil properties, hydrological response, and erosion in the hazelnut orchard. At eastern Croatia on Cambisols, four treatments were chosen, representing two soil managements in the study area (herbicide and mulched) on two different slope inclinations (high ~9° and low ~4.5°), for rainfall simulation experiments and soil sampling. The herbicide treatments on both slopes removed soil cover and reduced (p < 0.05) soil organic matter, mean weight diameter, and water-stable aggregates. Mulched treatments recorded a lower (p < 0.05) bulk density. These soil properties affected soil hydrological response, as the reduction of infiltration in herbicide plots lead to higher water and sediment losses. The higher slope increased erosion in herbicide soil to over 2.2 t ha−1. Mulching was shown as a superior practice as it enhances soil properties and reduces soil erosion, even reducing the effect of the higher slope on erosional processes.

scholarly journals Impacts of agricultural expansion on floodplain water and sediment budgets in the Mekong River

2021 ◽  
pp. 127296
Author(s):  
Edward Park ◽  
Huu Loc Ho ◽  
Doan Van Binh ◽  
Sameh Kantoush ◽  
Danielle Poh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mekong River ◽  
Agricultural Expansion ◽  
Sediment Budgets ◽  
Water And Sediment

Modeling Salt Usage During Snowstorms

2017 ◽  
Vol 2643 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-64
Author(s):  
Kun Xie ◽  
Kaan Ozbay ◽  
Yuan Zhu ◽  
Sami Demiroluk ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Management ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Models ◽  
Storm Duration ◽  
Storm Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

Snow can cause dangerous driving conditions by reducing pavement friction and covering road surface markings. Salt is widely used by highway maintenance managers in the United States to reduce the impact of snow or ice on traffic. For the development of long-term plans, especially for the next winter season, it is essential to know what factors affect salt usage and to determine the sufficient amount of salt needed in each depot location. This determination can be accomplished by estimating statistically robust models for salt usage prediction. In this study, historical data regarding storm characteristics and salt usage on the New Jersey Turnpike and Garden State Parkway were used to estimate those models. Linear models, hierarchical linear models, and hierarchical linear models with varying dispersion (HLVDs) were developed to predict the salt usage on the two highways. Results show that districts with higher average snow depth, longer storm duration, and lower average temperature were associated with greater salt usage. HLVD models were found to have the best predictive performance by including random parameters to account for unobserved spatial heterogeneity and by including fixed effects in the dispersion term. In addition, with the estimation of case-specific dispersion on the basis of storm characteristics, HLVD models could be used appropriately to estimate the upper bounds of salt usage, bounds that are not extremely large and could satisfy the salt demand in most cases. The findings of this study can provide highway authorities with valuable insights into the use of statistical models for more efficient inventory management of salt and other maintenance materials.

Covering of cometary nucleus by refractory crust and its evolution into asteroid-like body

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 365-370
Author(s):  
Kh.I. Ibadinov
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Cometary Nucleus ◽  
Sublimation Rate ◽  
Cometary Nuclei ◽  
Short Period Comet ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Brightness Decrease ◽  
Crust Thickness ◽  
Ice Sublimation ◽  
Period Comet

AbstractFrom the established dependence of the brightness decrease of a short-period comet dependence on the perihelion distance of its orbit it follows that part of the surface of these cometary nuclei gradually covers by a refractory crust. The results of cometary nucleus simulation show that at constant insolation energy the crust thickness is proportional to the square root of the insolation time and the ice sublimation rate is inversely proportional to the crust thickness. From laboratory experiments resulted the thermal regime, the gas productivity of the nucleus, covering of the nucleus by the crust, and the tempo of evolution of a short-period comet into the asteroid-like body studied.

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