Interaction of dietary sodium chloride and waterborne copper in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): copper toxicity and sodium and chloride homeostasis

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collins N Kamunde ◽  
Soumya Niyogi ◽  
Chris M Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chloride Homeostasis

Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) maintained on either low sodium chloride (LS (control), 1.4% NaCl) or high sodium chloride (HS, 11% NaCl) diet were exposed to 55 µg·L–1 waterborne copper (Cu) for 28 days. Cu-exposed fish maintained on the LS diet exhibited 26% mortality, more than double (11%) that in fish maintained on the HS diet. Waterborne Cu exposure inhibited growth by 56% in fish maintained on the LS diet and by 35% in those maintained on the HS diet. Whole-body and tissue Na+ levels, measured 6 h after feeding, were increased by exposure to HS diet and reduced by waterborne Cu exposure. Exposure to elevated waterborne Cu increased whole-body and tissue Cu levels, whereas exposure to HS diet decreased these levels. Moreover, whole-body and tissue Cu concentrations were consistently lower in Cu-exposed fish maintained on HS diet relative to those maintained on LS diet. Plasma Na+ and Cl– levels were elevated by HS diet exposure and reduced by waterborne Cu exposure, whereas plasma Cu levels were decreased and increased by exposure to HS diet and waterborne Cu, respectively. These results demonstrate that elevated dietary NaCl modulates Na+ and Cl– homeostasis and reduces accumulation and toxicity of waterborne Cu.

Influence of dietary sodium on waterborne copper toxicity in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collins N. Kamunde ◽  
Greg G. Pyle ◽  
D. Gordon McDonald ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY SODIUM ON WATERBORNE COPPER TOXICITY IN RAINBOW TROUT, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collins N. Kamunde ◽  
Greg G. Pyle ◽  
D. Gordon McDonald ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Composition and Mechanics of Routine Swimming of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Correction Factor ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Tail Beat

Routine swimming encompasses all volitional motions of fish. It is usually assumed to be quasi-steady, i.e. routine swimming is mechanically equivalent to steady swimming. Routine swimming of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, was dominated by unsteady motions of linear and centripetal (angular) acceleration. Constant-speed swimming was rare. Mean speeds and acceleration rates were small. Tail-beat frequencies were nevertheless strongly correlated with mean swimming speed, but increased more rapidly with increasing speed in routine swimming than in steady swimming. Tail-beat amplitudes and propulsive wavelengths were similar to values seen in steady swimming. The composition of routine swimming and analysis of the force balance showed that routine swimming was not quasi-steady. Therefore, forces and rates of working should be estimated from a complete description of whole-body deformation. This is impractical. Drag dominated resistance in routine swimming, such that average thrust (= resistance) may be computed from mean speed and/or averaged kinematic variables for the trailing edge with a correction factor of approximately 3. Analysis of routine swimming may permit comparisons among a wider range of vertebrates than possible with commonly used methods.

Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Waterborne Arsenite to Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Rankin ◽  
D. G. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Gallbladder Wall ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Growth Study ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Wet Weight

The 144-h LC50 (95% fiducial limits) of arsenite for 4.5-g rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was 18.5 (17.9–19.1) mg∙L−1. In a pair-fed growth study which exposed trout to 0.0, 0.76, 2.48, or 9.64 mg arsenite∙L−1 over 17 wk, growth was significantly reduced (by 55%) only at 9.64 mg∙L−1. The reduction was attributable to both reduced appetite (primarily) and direct metabolic impact (marginally). Fish at 9.64 mg∙L−1 suffered 10% mortality, usually associated with necrotic erosion of the mandibular and olfactory regions of the head. All fish exposed to 9.64 mg∙L−1 showed inflammation of the gallbladder wall, a lesion absent at lower exposure concentrations. There were no arsenite impacts on hepato- and splenosomatic index, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total plasma lipid, cholesterol, and protein or brain concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Exposure to 0.0, 0.76, 2.48, and 9.64 mg arsenite∙L−1 for 26 wk resulted in mean (SE) equilibrium whole-body As concentrations of 0.3 (0.02), 0.2 (0.02), 0.4 (0.10), and 1.7 (0.40) μg As∙g wet weight−1, respectively, No depuration below these concentrations occurred during a 12-d period in arsenite-free water. The threshold of chronic toxicity was estimated to be 4.9 mg∙L−1.

Response of antioxidant system to formalin in the whole body of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. İspir ◽  
M. Kirici ◽  
M. E. Yonar ◽  
S. Mişe Yonar
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Diminished social status affects ionoregulation at the gills and kidney in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A Sloman ◽  
Graham R Scott ◽  
D Gordon McDonald ◽  
Chris M Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Uptake Rates

Competition for social status can result in physiological differences between individuals, including differences in ionoregulatory ability. Subordinate rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) had two-fold higher uptake rates of sodium across the gill and two-fold higher whole-body sodium efflux rates than the dominant fish with which they were paired. Sodium efflux was then divided into branchial and renal components, both of which were higher in subordinates. Branchial sodium efflux accounted for 95%–98% of sodium loss. Plasma sodium concentrations were more variable, although not significantly different, in subordinate fish, suggesting that the increased loss of sodium in these trout is compensated for by an increase in uptake rates. Urine flow rates and plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in subordinate fish, but there was no difference in glomerular filtration rate between dominants and subordinates. Renal sodium reabsorption was significantly reduced in subordinates. In summary, the ionoregulation of subordinate individuals was altered, most likely occurring as a result of stress-induced changes in gill permeability, resulting in a higher throughput of water and increased branchial sodium efflux. These changes in ionoregulatory ability have many physiological implications, including the increased susceptibility of subordinates to ionoregulatory challenges and an increased metabolic cost of ionoregulation.

Conspecific skin extracts elicit antipredator responses in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 1916-1922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant E. Brown ◽  
R. Jan F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Skin Extract ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Antipredator Responses ◽  
Body Extract

We investigated, under laboratory conditions, the presence of chemical alarm signals in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In an initial experiment, we exposed trout to a whole-body extract from conspecifics or a distilled-water control. When exposed to whole-body extract, trout significantly (i) decreased time spent swimming, (ii) increased time taken to resume foraging, and (iii) decreased the number of food items eaten. These data indicate a significant chemically mediated antipredator response. A second experiment was conducted to determine (i) if this is a generalized response to injured fish or a specific response to injured conspecifics, and (ii) if the chemical signal is localized in the skin. We exposed juvenile trout to one of three chemical stimuli: (1) trout skin extract, (2) trout body extract, or (3) swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) skin extract. Significant antipredator responses were observed in trout exposed to conspecific skin extract, but responses of those exposed to conspecific body extract or swordtail skin extract did not differ from those of distilled-water controls. These data strongly suggest that juvenile rainbow trout possess a chemical alarm signal, localized in the skin, that elicits antipredator behaviour when detected.by conspecifics.

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