Evidence for the existence of a native population of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and subsequent introgression with introduced populations in a Pacific Northwest watershed

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1209-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid B Spies ◽  
Eric C Anderson ◽  
Kerry Naish ◽  
Paul Bentzen
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Microsatellite Dna Markers ◽  
Lake Washington ◽  
Baker Lake ◽  
Bear Creek

The Lake Washington watershed (Washington, USA) has been the recipient of numerous transplantations of nonnative Oncorhynchus nerka (both sockeye salmon and their landlocked form, kokanee) over the past century and currently contains self-sustaining populations of both ecotypes. Microsatellite DNA markers were used to identify native and introduced groups while characterizing population structure. This study confirmed that Baker Lake sockeye transplantations during the 20th century contributed to three current sockeye populations: Cedar River, Issaquah Creek, and Pleasure Point Beach in the Lake Washington watershed. Distinctive allele distributions at two loci, One101 and One114, provide evidence that a fourth Lake Washington sockeye population, Bear Creek, is divergent from other Lake Washington sockeye and may be of substantially native origin despite heavy stocking activity in the watershed over the past century. Data from these loci also suggest the presence of native genes in populations that had been regarded as entirely of introduced origin.

Variation in adult life history and morphology among Lake Washington sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations in relation to habitat features and ancestral affinities

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Hendry ◽  
T P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Lake Washington ◽  
Baker Lake ◽  
Different Origins

Body size, age composition, and male body depth were compared among five Lake Washington sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations. Two of the populations (Bear and Cottage creeks) were indigenous to the watershed and three (Cedar River, Issaquah Creek, and Pleasure Point) were non-native (from Baker Lake, Washington). To isolate the relative contributions of habitat type and ancestral relatedness to phenotypic variation, we compared populations with (i) the same origin and similar habitats, (ii) different origins and different habitats, (iii) the same origin and different habitats, and (iv) different origins and similar habitats. Spawning salmon in the Cedar River were older and larger than those in the native populations, a result consistent with their origin (contemporary Baker Lake fish were also large and old) and with habitat variation (the Cedar River is much larger than Bear and Cottage creeks). Body size and age composition did not differ among the three non-native populations, but the body depth of males spawning on the lake beach (Pleasure Point) was greater than that of males in the Cedar River, suggesting adaptive divergence. Adaptive convergence may also have occurred because the population in Issaquah Creek (intermediate-sized creek) did not differ appreciably from those in Bear and Cottage creeks.

A widespread decrease in productivity of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations in western North America

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1255-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall M. Peterman ◽  
Brigitte Dorner
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Geographic Area ◽  
Marine Areas

We used data on 64 stocks of sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) from British Columbia (B.C.), Washington, and Alaska to determine whether recent decreases in abundance and productivity observed for Fraser River, B.C., sockeye have occurred more widely. We found that decreasing time trends in productivity have occurred across a large geographic area ranging from Washington, B.C., southeast Alaska, and up through the Yakutat peninsula, Alaska, but not in central and western Alaska. Furthermore, a pattern of predominantly shared trends across southern stocks and opposite trends between them and stocks from western Alaska was present in the past (1950–1985), but correlations have intensified since then. The spatial extent of declining productivity of sockeye salmon has important implications for management as well as research into potential causes of the declines. Further research should focus on mechanisms that operate at large, multiregional spatial scales, and (or) in marine areas where numerous correlated sockeye stocks overlap.

An Acoustic Estimate of the Escapement of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) into Lake Washington in 1971

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Thorne ◽  
James J. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Spawning Ground ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lake Washington

The feasibility of estimating the escapement of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) into Lake Washington by hydroacoustics was explored during 1971. Surveys were made of large fish targets within the lake just before and after the spawning migration of sockeye salmon up the Cedar River. A decrease was observed after the spawning migration comparable to the estimated escapement as determined by weir counts and spawning ground surveys.

Inferring sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) population dynamics and water quality changes in a stained nursery lake over the past ∼500 years

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1235-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Gregory-Eaves ◽  
Bruce P Finney ◽  
Marianne SV Douglas ◽  
John P Smol
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The North Pacific ◽  
Multiproxy Approach

Historical and paleolimnological studies have demonstrated that environmental changes in the North Pacific can strongly affect sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) abundances. Whether these marine shifts would be influential on sockeye salmon from all lake types, however, has not yet been studied. This study represents the first paleolimnological analysis of past sockeye salmon population dynamics in a stained nursery lake (Packers Lake, Alaska). We adopted a multiproxy approach to determine whether salmon-derived nutrients (inferred from δ15N) would be available for algal uptake (inferred from the diatom species responses) in this stained lake, as high concentrations of humics and iron are known to sequester phosphorus. The strong degree of coherency between δ15N and diatoms, however, suggests that salmon-derived nutrients were bioavailable and enhanced productivity. Overall, our indicators responded to changes in sockeye salmon abundances and volcanic ashfalls over the past ∼500 years. In a section of the core unaffected by tephras (AD ∼1770–1882), our record suggests that the number of sockeye salmon spawners fluctuated widely. Comparison of temporal shifts in inferred sockeye salmon abundances from Packers Lake with other clearwater nursery lakes reveals a broadly consistent pattern, likely influenced by past climatic changes.

Estimating Stock Composition of Migrating Juvenile Fraser River (British Columbia) Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, Using Parasites as Natural Tags

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Bailey ◽  
L. Margolis ◽  
C. Groot
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Natural Tags ◽  
Lake Washington ◽  
The Individual

Simulated mixtures of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were constructed using parasite data to represent proportionally the major component stocks of Fraser River and Lake Washington sockeye migrating within the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, in 1982–84. Samples of migrating juveniles were also collected from Bedwell Harbour, South Pender Island, British Columbia, each year and analyzed for parasites and stock composition. The compositions of simulated and sample mixtures were estimated using a maximum likelihood stock composition model. Simulated mixture compositions were accurately estimated for most stocks for all year-classes. When significant misassignment occurred between stocks, the stocks were analyzed as a complex using the allocate-sum procedure. Sample mixture estimates correctly identified the dominant stock for each year-class, although for 1984 the dominant group was determined as a complex of three stocks because the individual stocks were not distinguishable. The results indicate that it is feasible to use parasites as natural tags to estimate stock compositions of migrating juvenile sockeye salmon in the Strait of Georgia.

Hydroacoustic Estimates of Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Lake Washington, 1972–75

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1145-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Spawning Ground ◽  
Resident Fish ◽  
Lake Washington ◽  
Visual Observations

Hydroacoustic techniques were used on Lake Washington from 1972 to 1975 to estimate the potential escapement of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Target strength measurements were used to establish a threshold which would separate the larger adult sockeye salmon from smaller resident fish. The acoustic estimates of escapement were very similar to those obtained from visual observations at the Hiram M. Chittenden ship canal locks, observations on the Cedar River, and spawning ground surveys. Key words: hydroacoustic, acoustic, methodology, sockeye salmon, escapement

Incubation temperature, developmental biology, and the divergence of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) within Lake Washington

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1387-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P Hendry ◽  
Jay E Hensleigh ◽  
Reg R Reisenbichler
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Developmental Variation ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Lake Washington ◽  
In The Wild

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) introduced into Lake Washington in the 1930s and 1940s now spawn at several different sites and over a period of more than 3 months. To test for evolutionary divergence within this derived lineage, embryos that would have incubated in different habitats (Cedar River or Pleasure Point Beach) or at different times (October, November, or December in the Cedar River) were reared in the laboratory at 5, 9, and 12.5°C. Some developmental variation mirrored predictions of adaptive divergence: (i) survival at 12.5°C was highest for embryos most likely to experience such temperatures in the wild (Early Cedar), (ii) development rate was fastest for progeny of late spawners (Late Cedar), and (iii) yolk conversion efficiency was matched to natural incubation temperatures. These patterns likely had a genetic basis because they were observed in a common environment and could not be attributed to differences in egg size. The absolute magnitude of divergence in development rates was moderate (Late Cedar embryos emerged only 6 days earlier at 9°C) and some predictions regarding development rates were not supported. Nonetheless our results provide evidence of adaptive divergence in only 9-14 generations.

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