Visual Examination and Photography in Failure Analysis

Failure analysis is an investigative process in which the visual observations of features present on a failed component and the surrounding environment are essential in determining the root cause of a failure. This article reviews the basic photographic principles and techniques that are applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. It discusses the processes involved in visual examination, field photographic documentation, and laboratory photographic documentation of failed components. The article describes the operating principles of each part of a professional digital camera. It covers basic photographic principles and manipulation of settings that assist in producing high-quality images. The need for accurate photographic documentation in failure analysis is also presented.

Introduction experience Нydrangea petiolaris Siebold & Zucc. іn the National Dendrological Park “Sofiyivka”

The information on the natural habitat and the history of Hydrangea petiolaris Siebold & Zucc. The results of inventory researches of H. petiolaris in dendrological parks and botanical gardens of Ukraine are generalized. It was found that most of them successfully adapt to the factors of the new environment, grow well and develop in botanical gardens and arboretums. The use of cultivated individuals of H. petiolaris will help to improve the condition of existing plantations, increase decorativeness and generally improve the aesthetic and sanitary and hygienic condition of green areas of public use in the settlements of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. We used the method of integrated numerical assessment of viability and prospects for the introduction of woody and shrubby plants on the basis of visual observations of P. I. Lapin, S. V. Sidneva (1973) testified to the prospects of the introduction of H. petiolaris in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Exploring and developing strategies for integration in a classroom setting within higher education

Integration in the classroom is discussed openly within the school setting, but largely remains a taboo subject within higher education (HE). Staff often make visual observations that students tend to sit with one another based on sex, ethnicity, class, ability and/or faith. As educators, we can address the issue superficially via the use of classroom plans in the form of covert integration. However, the need to adopt such strategies and their effectiveness remains un-assessed. I explored the issue of integration in the classroom amongst students in the first year of their law degree via action-based research. Initially, there appeared to be a reluctance amongst students to engage in a dialogue on the issue of integration. However, when they did, the students commented on the benefits of social and/or academic integration and were open to the mixing of students within a classroom setting. The research also indicated that after the integrated workshops, students developed an increased confidence in mixing with people from different backgrounds and increasingly felt part of a community both within the classroom and as part of the University.

Structural studies of N-(methoxysalicylidene)-fluoroaniline, N-(methoxysalicylidene)-chloroaniline and N-(methoxysalicylidene)-bromoaniline derivatives

Twenty seven N-(methoxysalicylidene)-haloaniline (halo = F, Cl or Br) compounds were synthesized. The crystal structures of all 27 compounds have been determined at low temperature and are reported herein, along with a variable-temperature neutron diffraction study on two of the compounds. New polymorphs were identified for two of the compounds along with a temperature-induced phase transition for one of the other compounds. Visual observations on the thermochromism of the 27 compounds are also reported. The interplanar angle between the two aromatic rings and the intermolecular interactions in the structures are examined and linked to the visual observations on the thermochromism.

Light Distribution and Perceived Spaciousness: Light Patterns in Scale Models

Previous research showed that light distribution can affect the perception of spatial size and shape. However, most studies are limited to quantitative assessment of a few scenarios without explaining possible causes behind peoples’ experiences. This exploratory study aimed to reveal complex relationships between light patterns and perceived size, and to investigate how light patterns affect perceived spaciousness. A qualitative approach was used with pair-wise comparisons between systematic visual observations of scale models. The observations confirmed that illuminated walls increase spaciousness. Yet, darkness impacts the perception of spaciousness as well. Both compound and separated light zones can expand depth, height, or width, depending on the interpretation of these patterns of light seen in relation to the whole spatial context. Furthermore, the position of illuminated areas, with placements on edge or in the center, may additionally influence perceived size.

Evaluation of Building Vulnerability to Earthquake Using Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) Method

Indonesia is one of the countries prone to earthquakes. One of the earthquake disasters that occurred several years ago hit Palu and Donggala on September 28, 2018. It caused severe damage to infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate buildings vulnerable to earthquakes as a form of prevention. One of the buildings in Jember, the dr. Soebandi hospital, experienced cracks in the walls during an earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale in Nusa Dua Bali on July 16, 2019. This study carried out the risk assessment of the vulnerability of buildings to earthquakes using the Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) method from FEMA P-154. RVS is a method to identify a building that is potentially vulnerable to earthquake hazards based on visual observations from the exterior and interior of the building. The results of the evaluation using the RVS method showed that the dr. Soebandi hospital is categorized as safe and not prone to earthquakes, with a potential vulnerability percentage of 0.0126%. Based on these results, the building does not require special treatment to anticipate earthquakes; however, maintaining the occupants' safety and extending the building's life requires routine maintenance.

Utilising Lidar Survey to Locate and Evaluate Offa’s Dyke

The enigmatic and gigantic Offa’s Dyke has long been understood as a demonstration of the power of the Mercian state in the long eighth century. Despite this, rarely have previous studies involved anything more than the visual observations of the earthwork. Moreover, ground-level perspectives cannot possibly contextualise its total breadth and character. The shortcomings in the resulting quality of data on the Dyke has led to uncertainties and debate over its route, extent, and placement in the landscape. With the application of lidar and other digital technologies, my ongoing doctoral research is providing a fresh understanding of the nature and original extent of Offa’s Dyke’s route by the creation of an accurate and empirical dataset. This digital dataset for Offa’s Dyke is identifying hitherto unknown sections of the monument. Furthermore, it is providing the foundation for new investigations of the nature of the frontier in the eighth century by creating the basis for new investigations into the placement and landscape context of the monument. This article presents interim results on the investigation of the Herefordshire section of Offa’s Dyke, a stretch that has been among the most problematic and poorly understood from all sections of the earthwork. This study thus provides fresh perspectives utilising digital heritage tools and data sources to examine and re-evaluate evidence of the nature and extent of the monument and the wider Mercian frontier.

Fracture failure analysis on drive shaft component of diesel locomotive

Failure analysis is a systematic method of investigation to find the cause of the failure mechanism of a component or equipment. This research describes the fracture analysis of driveshaft components in a diesel locomotive. The drive shaft which is a connecting component around the compressor in the locomotive engine has failed. The methods used in this study include literature studies, visual observations, data collection, material characteristics through chemical composition tests, hardness tests, tensile tests, microstructure observations, fractographic observation, data processing, and analysis of test results. Based on the results of chemical composition testing and mechanical testing shows that the drive shaft is classified as plain carbon steel, specifically AISI 1025 steel. Visual observations and microstructure observations show that the driveshaft failure occurred at the connection part, which is the connection around the welded region. From the fractography results show a visible pattern of deformation plastic that showing the fracture occurred since the connection cannot bear the load given.

Validation of a Commercial Collar-Based Sensor for Monitoring Eating and Ruminating Behaviour of Dairy Cows

The use of sensor technologies to monitor cows’ behavior is becoming commonplace in the context of dairy production. This study aimed at validating a commercial collar-based sensor system, the AFICollar® (Afimilk, Kibbutz Afikim, Israel), designed to monitor dairy cattle feeding and ruminating behavior. Additionally, the performances of two versions of the software for behavior classification, the current software AFIfarm® 5.4 and the updated version AFIfarm® 5.5, were compared. The study involved twenty Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with the collars. To evaluate the sensor performance under different feeding scenarios, the animals were divided into four groups and fed three different types of feed (total mixed ration, long hay, animals allowed to graze). Recordings of hourly rumination and feeding time produced by the sensor were compared with visual observation by scan sampling at 1 minute intervals using Spearman correlation, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), Bland–Altman plots and linear mixed models for assessing the precision and accuracy of the system. The analyses confirmed that the updated software version V5.5 produced better detection performance than the current V5.4. The updated software version produced high correlations between visual observations and data recorded by the sensor for both feeding (r = 0.85, CCC = 0.86) and rumination (r = 0.83, CCC = 0.86). However, the limits of agreement for both behaviors remained quite wide (feeding: −19.60 min/h, 17.46 min/h; rumination: −15.80 min/h, 15.00 min/h). Type of feed did not produce significant effects on the agreement between visual observations and sensor recordings. Overall, the results indicate that the system can provide farmers with adequately accurate data on feeding and rumination time, and can be used to support herd management decisions. Despite all this, the precision of the system remained relatively limited, and should be improved with further developments in the classification algorithm.