Potential for domesticated–wild interbreeding to induce maladaptive phenology across multiple populations of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1768-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan J. Fraser ◽  
Cóilín Minto ◽  
Anna M. Calvert ◽  
James D. Eddington ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Developmental Rates

We report how aquaculture may negatively alter a critical phenological trait (developmental rate) linked to survival in wild fish populations. At the southern limit of the species range in eastern North America, the persistence of small Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) populations may be constrained by interbreeding with farmed salmon that escape regularly from intensive aquaculture facilities. Using a common-garden experimental protocol implemented over an 8-year period, we show that embryos of farmed salmon and multigenerational farmed–wild hybrids (F1, F2, wild backcrosses) had slower developmental rates than those of two regional wild populations. In certain cases, our data suggest that hybrid developmental rates are sufficiently mismatched to prevailing environmental conditions that they would have reduced survival in the wild. This implies that repeated farmed–wild interbreeding could adversely affect wild populations. Our results therefore reaffirm previous recommendations that based on the precautionary principle, improved strategies are needed to prevent, or to substantially minimize, escapes of aquaculture fishes into wild environments.

scholarly journals Development and evaluation of SNP panels for the detection of hybridization between wild and escaped Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the western Atlantic

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 695-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan F. Wringe ◽  
Eric C. Anderson ◽  
Nicholas W. Jeffery ◽  
Ryan R.E. Stanley ◽  
Ian R. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Hybrid Class ◽  
Snp Panels ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Development And Validation

Hybridization between wild and escaped cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) can threaten the stability and persistence of locally adapted wild populations. Here we describe the development and validation of a genomic-based approach to quantify recent hybridization between escapee and wild salmon in the western Atlantic. Based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) scans of wild and cultured salmon, collectively diagnostic panels were created for Newfoundland and the Canadian Maritimes. These panels were capable of both discriminating hybrids from nonhybrids and of correctly assigning individuals to hybrid class (i.e., pure wild, pure farm, F1, F2, and backcrosses) with a high degree of accuracy (Newfoundland 96 SNPs > 90%, Maritimes 720 SNPs > 80%). These genomic panels permit the assessment of the impacts of past and future farmed salmon escape events on wild populations and can inform the protection and conservation of wild Atlantic salmon genetic integrity in the western Atlantic.

Maintenance of asymmetric hybridization between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) via postzygotic barriers and paternal effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Álvarez ◽  
Eva Garcia-Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Paternal Effects ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Postzygotic Barriers ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
In The Wild

At the southern European edge of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) distribution, all the hybrids found in nature are the product of crosses between female salmon and male brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). By artificially producing reciprocal crosses between salmon and trout, we demonstrate that unidirectional hybridization observed in nature is the result of postzygotic barriers that produce very high mortality rates (95%) in female trout × male salmon hybrids and not the consequence of prezygotic isolation or behavioural differences between the two species. Mortality of female trout × male salmon hybrids mainly occurs during the last phases of development, and a high percentage of these surviving hybrids showed external deformities that could compromise survival in the wild. Another important finding is the existence of paternal factor in embryo development. Using time to midhatch as an indicator of developmental rate, female salmon × male trout hybrids hatched faster than female trout × male salmon hybrids, with both developing at a rate intermediate to the pure crosses. The early emergence of female salmon × male trout hybrids, which have similar survival to pure salmons, could have fitness repercussions, since early emerging fry have a competitive advantage over later emerging fry.

scholarly journals Does density influence relative growth performance of farm, wild and F 1 hybrid Atlantic salmon in semi-natural and hatchery common garden conditions?

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 160152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison C. Harvey ◽  
Gareth Juleff ◽  
Gary R. Carvalho ◽  
Martin I. Taylor ◽  
Monica F. Solberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
High Density ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
In The Wild

The conditions encountered by Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in aquaculture are markedly different from the natural environment. Typically, farmed salmon experience much higher densities than wild individuals, and may therefore have adapted to living in high densities. Previous studies have demonstrated that farmed salmon typically outgrow wild salmon by large ratios in the hatchery, but these differences are much less pronounced in the wild. Such divergence in growth may be explained partly by the offspring of wild salmon experiencing higher stress and thus lower growth when compared under high-density farming conditions. Here, growth of farmed, wild and F 1 hybrid salmon was studied at contrasting densities within a hatchery and semi-natural environment. Farmed salmon significantly outgrew hybrid and wild salmon in all treatments. Importantly, however, the reaction norms were similar across treatments for all groups. Thus, this study was unable to find evidence that the offspring of farmed salmon have adapted more readily to higher fish densities than wild salmon as a result of domestication. It is suggested that the substantially higher growth rate of farmed salmon observed in the hatchery compared with wild individuals may not solely be caused by differences in their ability to grow in high-density hatchery scenarios.

Prevalence and recurrence of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in eastern North American rivers

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2807-2826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R.J. Morris ◽  
Dylan J. Fraser ◽  
Anthony J. Heggelin ◽  
Frederick G. Whoriskey ◽  
Jonathan W. Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
North American ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Comprehensive Compilation

Knowledge of the prevalence of escaped farmed fishes in the wild is an essential first step to assessing the risk resulting from interactions between farmed and wild fishes. This is especially important in eastern North America, where Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) aquaculture occurs near wild Atlantic salmon rivers and where many wild salmon populations are severely depressed. Here, we review the literature on the incidence of escaped farmed salmon in eastern North American rivers, for which there has been no comprehensive compilation to date. Escaped farmed salmon have been found in 54 of 62 (87%) rivers investigated within a 300 km radius of the aquaculture industry since 1984, including 11 rivers that contain endangered salmon populations. Averaged among all investigations, the proportional representation of farmed salmon among adults entering the rivers from the sea was 9.2% (range 0% to 100%). Where data were sufficient to examine temporal trends, farmed salmon proportions varied considerably over time, suggesting that escape events are episodic in nature. We conclude that escaped farmed salmon are sufficiently prevalent in eastern North American rivers to pose a potentially serious risk to the persistence of wild salmon populations, especially in those rivers that are adjacent to existing aquaculture sites.

An evaluation of the use of triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in minimising the impact of escaped farmed salmon on wild populations

Aquaculture ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 186 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cotter ◽  
V. O'Donovan ◽  
N. O'Maoiléidigh ◽  
G. Rogan ◽  
N. Roche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The Impact

Effects of acidic pH on wild, farmed, and F1 hybrid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Lynn Lush ◽  
Isabel Costa ◽  
Kimberly Marshall ◽  
Juan Carlos Pérez-Casanova ◽  
Rénald Belley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Acidic Waters ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Farmed escapees have the potential to introduce novel genes to wild salmon and alter locally adapted populations. We tested whether the acidic conditions found in rivers on Newfoundland’s south coast might differentially impact offspring of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in comparison to wild populations. We performed crosses with wild and farmed parents to obtain wild (W♂ × W♀), farmed (F♂ × F♀), and F1 hybrid (W♂ × F♀, F♂ × W♀) parr and conducted a common garden experiment at neutral or acidic pH. No differences were observed between pure wild crosses and F1 hybrids, suggesting that acidic waters do not differentially affect survival, growth, condition factor, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity of F1 hybrids. Trends in mortality show that pure farmed parr had lower survival than pure wild and F1 hybrids in low pH. Considering that production of F1 hybrids rather than pure farmed offspring is the most likely outcome in the wild, pure farmed parr survival may have little bearing on the prediction of genetic risks of farmed–wild interactions. There is no evidence to indicate that the survival of the F1 generation in acidic waters acts as a potential barrier against introgression.

Maladaptation and phenotypic mismatch in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar released in the wild

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 1927-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stringwell ◽  
A. Lock ◽  
C. J. Stutchbury ◽  
E. Baggett ◽  
J. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild

scholarly journals Monitoring the incidence of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in rivers and fisheries of the United Kingdom and Ireland: current progress and recommendations for future programmes

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1201-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Walker ◽  
Malcolm C.M. Beveridge ◽  
Walter Crozier ◽  
Niall Ó Maoiléidigh ◽  
Nigel Milner
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Farming Industry

Abstract An inevitable consequence of the development of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farming industry in coastal waters of the British Isles has been the loss of farmed salmon to the wild, their occurrence in inshore waters and rivers, and their appearance in coastal and freshwater fisheries. Monitoring programmes have been developed throughout the British Isles, variously using scientific sampling, catch records from coastal or freshwater fisheries or both, and scientific sampling of catches from in-river traps. We compare the results of these monitoring programmes with regional production and the numbers of escapees reported from marine fish farms. We also consider the effectiveness of the programmes for assessing the prevalence of farmed salmon that escape from marine cages. Finally, we make recommendations for improvements to these programmes and for the development of best practice, including the scientific sampling of in-river spawning stocks through fishery-independent sources, identification of fish origin based on at least two methods, assessment of the degree of incorrect classification, and the timely and accurate reporting of all escapes.

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