scholarly journals Development and evaluation of SNP panels for the detection of hybridization between wild and escaped Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the western Atlantic

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 695-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan F. Wringe ◽  
Eric C. Anderson ◽  
Nicholas W. Jeffery ◽  
Ryan R.E. Stanley ◽  
Ian R. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Hybrid Class ◽  
Snp Panels ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Development And Validation

Hybridization between wild and escaped cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) can threaten the stability and persistence of locally adapted wild populations. Here we describe the development and validation of a genomic-based approach to quantify recent hybridization between escapee and wild salmon in the western Atlantic. Based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) scans of wild and cultured salmon, collectively diagnostic panels were created for Newfoundland and the Canadian Maritimes. These panels were capable of both discriminating hybrids from nonhybrids and of correctly assigning individuals to hybrid class (i.e., pure wild, pure farm, F1, F2, and backcrosses) with a high degree of accuracy (Newfoundland 96 SNPs > 90%, Maritimes 720 SNPs > 80%). These genomic panels permit the assessment of the impacts of past and future farmed salmon escape events on wild populations and can inform the protection and conservation of wild Atlantic salmon genetic integrity in the western Atlantic.

An evaluation of the use of triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in minimising the impact of escaped farmed salmon on wild populations

Aquaculture ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 186 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cotter ◽  
V. O'Donovan ◽  
N. O'Maoiléidigh ◽  
G. Rogan ◽  
N. Roche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The Impact

Potential for domesticated–wild interbreeding to induce maladaptive phenology across multiple populations of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1768-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan J. Fraser ◽  
Cóilín Minto ◽  
Anna M. Calvert ◽  
James D. Eddington ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Developmental Rates

We report how aquaculture may negatively alter a critical phenological trait (developmental rate) linked to survival in wild fish populations. At the southern limit of the species range in eastern North America, the persistence of small Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) populations may be constrained by interbreeding with farmed salmon that escape regularly from intensive aquaculture facilities. Using a common-garden experimental protocol implemented over an 8-year period, we show that embryos of farmed salmon and multigenerational farmed–wild hybrids (F1, F2, wild backcrosses) had slower developmental rates than those of two regional wild populations. In certain cases, our data suggest that hybrid developmental rates are sufficiently mismatched to prevailing environmental conditions that they would have reduced survival in the wild. This implies that repeated farmed–wild interbreeding could adversely affect wild populations. Our results therefore reaffirm previous recommendations that based on the precautionary principle, improved strategies are needed to prevent, or to substantially minimize, escapes of aquaculture fishes into wild environments.

scholarly journals Monitoring the incidence of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in rivers and fisheries of the United Kingdom and Ireland: current progress and recommendations for future programmes

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1201-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Walker ◽  
Malcolm C.M. Beveridge ◽  
Walter Crozier ◽  
Niall Ó Maoiléidigh ◽  
Nigel Milner
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Farming Industry

Abstract An inevitable consequence of the development of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farming industry in coastal waters of the British Isles has been the loss of farmed salmon to the wild, their occurrence in inshore waters and rivers, and their appearance in coastal and freshwater fisheries. Monitoring programmes have been developed throughout the British Isles, variously using scientific sampling, catch records from coastal or freshwater fisheries or both, and scientific sampling of catches from in-river traps. We compare the results of these monitoring programmes with regional production and the numbers of escapees reported from marine fish farms. We also consider the effectiveness of the programmes for assessing the prevalence of farmed salmon that escape from marine cages. Finally, we make recommendations for improvements to these programmes and for the development of best practice, including the scientific sampling of in-river spawning stocks through fishery-independent sources, identification of fish origin based on at least two methods, assessment of the degree of incorrect classification, and the timely and accurate reporting of all escapes.

Performance of farmed, hybrid, and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) families in a natural river environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 1994-2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Skaala ◽  
Kevin A. Glover ◽  
Bjørn T. Barlaup ◽  
Terje Svåsand ◽  
Francois Besnier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Hybrid Progeny ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Sib Families

Survival, growth, and diet were compared for farmed, hybrid, and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) families from the eyed egg to the smolt stage in River Guddalselva, Hardangerfjord, Norway. All individuals that survived until the smolt stage were captured in a Wolf trap and identified to one of the 69 experimental families using microsatellite markers. Survival of farmed salmon progeny was significantly lower than that of hybrids and wild progeny. However, survival varied considerably, from 0.17% to 6.4%, among farmed families. Egg size had an important influence on survival. Half-sib hybrid families with a farmed mother had higher survival when fathered by wild salmon than by farmed salmon. The overall relative survival of farmed families compared with that of their hybrid half-sib families fell from 0.86 in the second cohort to 0.62 in the last cohort with increasing fish density. Smolts of farmed parents showed significantly higher growth rates than wild and hybrid smolts. The overlap in diet among types of crosses demonstrates competition, and farm and hybrid progeny therefore will reduce the river’s capacity for production of wild salmon.

scholarly journals Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)—What Do We Know?

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jette Jakobsen ◽  
Cat Smith ◽  
Anette Bysted ◽  
Kevin D. Cashman
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic

Salmon have been widely publicized as a good dietary source of vitamin D, but recent data points to large variation in vitamin D content and differences between wild and farmed salmon. We aimed to: (1) investigate the content of vitamin D in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in wild species caught in two different waters, (2) perform a 12-week feeding trial in farmed Salmo salar with 270–1440 µg vitamin D3/kg feed (4–20 times maximum level in the EU) and (3) conduct a review for the published data on the content of vitamin D in salmonids. Content of vitamin D3 in the fillet from wild salmon caught in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea was significantly different (p < 0.05), being 18.5 ± 4.6 µg/100 g and 9.4 ± 1.9 µg/100 g, respectively. In the farmed salmon the content ranged from 2.9 ± 0.7 µg vitamin D3/100 g to 9.5 ± 0.7 µg vitamin D3/100 g. Data from 2018 shows that farmed salmon contained 2.3–7.3 µg vitamin D3/100 g. Information on the content of vitamin D in wild and farmed salmonids is very limited, which calls for further research to ensure a sustainable production of salmon with adequate vitamin D.

Coupling genetic and otolith trace element analyses to identify river-born fish with hatchery pedigrees in stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Perrier ◽  
Françoise Daverat ◽  
Guillaume Evanno ◽  
Christophe Pécheyran ◽  
Jean-Luc Bagliniere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Hatchery Stock

This study combines otolith trace element and genetic analyses to explore the origin of individuals when hatchery-reared fish are released into wild populations. We sampled 90 juvenile Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in four rivers in Normandy (France) and in the hatchery stock. Individuals were analyzed at six microsatellite markers and their otolith elemental concentrations (14 elements) were measured using femto-second laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Wild populations were genetically differentiated from the hatchery strain (FST ≈ 0.06). Significant differences in elemental concentrations were found among otoliths of juveniles from the four rivers and the hatchery, allowing the identification of their geographic origin (83%–100% correct assignment). Coupling genetic and trace element analyses on the same individuals provided formal evidence that hatchery-born juveniles released into the wild can migrate to the sea and return as adults to breed on natural spawning grounds. Their progeny have pure hatchery pedigrees but have otoliths typical of river-born juveniles, meaning that they can be mistaken for hatchery-raised juveniles if only genetic data are considered. The presence of hybrids also confirmed that individuals with hatchery pedigrees can breed with wild conspecifics.

Genetic changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations of Northwest Irish rivers resulting from escapes of adult farm salmon

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
S L Clifford ◽  
P McGinnity ◽  
A Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Individual Sample ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Farm Salmon ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Mtdna Haplotype

A study was made of rivers in Northwest Ireland where escapes of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are known to have occurred from adjacent sea cages. Two markers that showed substantial frequency differences between these farm and wild populations were used: an Ava II-B mtDNA haplotype and allele E at minisatellite locus Ssa-A45/2/1. Farmed populations also showed a significant reduction in mean heterozygosity over the three minisatellite loci examined. Independent occurrence of mtDNA and minisatellite DNA markers in several juvenile samples indicated interbreeding of escaped farm salmon with wild salmon. The proportion of juveniles of maternal farm parentage in two rivers ranged from 18% in 1993 to 2% in 1995 with an average of 7% in both rivers (1993-1995) and a maximum frequency of 70% in an individual sample. Only a small proportion of 29 000 adult farm salmon that escaped in spring 1992 appear to have bred successfully in the rivers studied. Juveniles of farmed parentage survived to at least the 1+ summer stage, but the subsequent fate of these fish could not be determined in the time period of the study.

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