Fish Viruses: Isolation and Identification of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis in Eastern North America

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1625-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Wolf ◽  
M. C. Quimby ◽  
L. L. Pettijohn ◽  
M. L. Landolt
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis ◽  
Test Fish ◽  
Fish Viruses ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was isolated from diseased fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from a hatchery in West Virginia. Clinical signs, histopathologic findings, and origin of eggs provided a basis for diagnosis, and virus was isolated and presumptively identified by plaque characteristics. Serum neutralization tests provided positive identification of the agent as IHNV, and electronmicroscopy showed its rhabdovirus morphology. Experimental infections resulted in signs of IHNV and death; test fish had characteristic histopathologic alterations and appropriate virus titers. This is the first completely documented occurrence of IHNV beyond the Pacific Northwest.

scholarly journals A Novel Neorickettsial Infection in 3 Dogs in the Pacific Northwest

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-289
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Pastenkos ◽  
Kevin Snekvik ◽  
Dan Bradway ◽  
Ilaria Cerchiaro ◽  
Susan Mehain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Cytologic Examination ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

The genus Neorickettsia includes obligate, intracellular bacteria responsible for diseases including Potomac horse fever caused by Neorickettsia risticii and salmon poisoning disease (SPD) caused by Neorickettsia helminthoeca. The Stellanchasmus falcatus (SF) agent is a member of this genus previously associated only with mild clinical signs in dogs. Between 2013 and 2016, 3 dogs in Washington State (USA) presented with disease suggestive of SPD, but N. helminthoeca was not detected by molecular techniques. Clinical signs included depression, anorexia, and diarrhea. Cytologic examination of aspirates supported a diagnosis of granulomatous lymphadenitis with organisms suggestive of Neorickettsia. Dogs either died or were humanely euthanized due to poor response to therapy. Necropsy findings included lymphadenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Histopathology identified granulomatous and lymphoplasmacytic splenitis, lymphadenitis, enteritis, and hepatitis with extensive necrosis. Neorickettsia DNA was detected using genus-specific primers and direct sequencing showed 100% sequence identity to the SF agent in all 3 dogs. This is the first clinicopathologic description of severe disease in dogs attributed to the SF agent. These findings may suggest the emergence of a novel neorickettsial disease in the Pacific Northwest.

Cryptococcal Maxillary Osteomyelitis and Osteonecrosis in a 18-Month-Old Dog

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Block ◽  
Jean Battig
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Medical Therapy ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Surgical Debridement ◽  
Necrotic Bone ◽  
Primary Inoculation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Serum Titer ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

An 18-month-old neutered male labradoodle was treated with surgical debridement for maxillary osteomyelitis and sequestrum formation. Histopathologic findings of the necrotic bone were consistent with Cryptococcus subspecies, confirmed with latex agglutination serum titer testing. The patient responded to a combination of fluconazole and surgical debridement and was titer negative after 8 months of medical therapy. The patient never exhibited signs of systemic illness which is commonly reported with cryptococcosis. Cryptococcus subspecies infection in dogs in the Pacific Northwest is part of an ongoing outbreak in the region, first reported in 2001, and is associated with specific risk factors. This is the first published case of oral cryptococcosis from primary inoculation.

Pathophysiology of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Disease in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Early Changes in Blood and Aspects of the Immune Response after Injection of IHN Virus

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1371-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald F. Amend ◽  
Lynnwood Smith
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis

Juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were injected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus and various hematological and blood chemical changes were monitored over 9 days. The packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and plasma bicarbonate were significantly depressed by day 4. Plasma chloride, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, and blood cell types did not change during the 9 days. Furthermore, plasma [Formula: see text] LDH isozyme was significantly increased by the fourth day, and fish infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas salmonicida, and redmouth bacterium did not show specific LDH isozyme alterations. Acid-base alterations occurred at 10 C but not at 18 C. The acid-base imbalance and elevation of the [Formula: see text] LDH isozyme were consistently associated with the early development of the disease.The immune response after injection of IHN virus was determined and protection from disease was tested by passive immunization. Actively immunized fish developed IHN-neutralizing antibodies within 54 days after injection of virus, and the antibodies were protective when juvenile fish were passively immunized and experimentally challenged with IHN virus.

scholarly journals Multiplex Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Three Fish Viruses †

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 4139-4141 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Williams ◽  
S. Blake ◽  
A. Sweeney ◽  
J. T. Singer ◽  
B. L. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽  
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis ◽  
Fish Viruses ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis Virus

A multiplex reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of three different fish viruses: infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). The sensitivity levels of the multiplex RT-PCR assay were 100, 1, and 32 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml for IPNV, IHNV, and VHSV, respectively.

Testing of Male Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Steel head Trout (Salmo gairdneri) for Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1075-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mulcahy ◽  
R. J. Pascho ◽  
W. N. Batts
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Spleen Sample ◽  
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus has been isolated only rarely from whole milt samples of male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). In 3 yr of testing, virus incidences in males ranged from 0 to 13% when milt was sampled but were 60–100% with spleen or kidney. When IHN virus was isolated from sockeye salmon milt at titers less than 3.00 log10 plaque-forming units (pfu)/mL, the level of virus in the kidney or spleen exceeded 7.00 log10 pfu/g. Higher rates of IHN virus isolation from kidney or spleen than from milt were also generally found in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), although the differences were less pronounced than in sockeye salmon. Furthermore, virus was sometimes isolated from steelhead trout milt when the level of virus in kidney or spleen samples was very low, and was recovered from some milt samples when none was isolated from the corresponding spleen sample. When male salmonids are tested for IHN virus, kidney or spleen samples are superior to whole milt, but milt should be included for critical examinations.

Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Detected by Separation and Incubation of Cells from Salmonid Cavity Fluid

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mulcahy ◽  
W. N. Batts
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Ovarian Fluid ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus is usually detected by inoculating susceptible cell cultures with cavity ("ovarian") fluid (CF) from spawning females. We identified additional adult carriers of virus in spawning populations of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by collecting nonerythrocytic cells from CF samples by low-speed centrifugation, culturing the cells for at least 7 d at 15 °C, and then testing the culture medium for virus. Virus appeared in the cultured cells from some samples of CF that remained negative during incubation. In additional samples of CF from these species, the virus titer increased in cultured cells compared with the titer in the original CF sample. With chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), no negative samples converted to positive during incubation, but the virus titer was retained in incubated CF cells, but not in cell-free CF.

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