Statistical Methods for Estimating Normal Blood Chemistry Ranges and Variance in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri), Shasta Strain

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wedemeyer ◽  
Nancy C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Tolerance Interval ◽  
Interval Method ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Estimate Procedure ◽  
Blood Variables

Gaussian and nonparametric (percentile estimate and tolerance interval) statistical methods were used to estimate normal ranges for blood chemistry (bicarbonate, bilirubin, calcium, hematocrit, hemoglobin, magnesium, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, osmolality, inorganic phosphorus, and pH for juvenile rainbow (Salmo gairdneri, Shasta strain) trout held under defined environmental conditions. The percentile estimate and Gaussian methods gave similar normal ranges, whereas the tolerance interval method gave consistently wider ranges for all blood variables except hemoglobin. If the underlying frequency distribution is unknown, the percentile estimate procedure would be the method of choice.

Normal Ranges for Diagnostically Important Hematological and Blood Chemistry Characteristics of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Roscoe Miller III ◽  
Albert C. Hendricks ◽  
John Cairns Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Tolerance Interval ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Nonparametric Techniques

Wytheville strain rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were used in an 11-mo study designed to establish normal ranges for several hematological and blood chemistry characteristics. Two nonparametric techniques, percentile estimation and tolerance interval, were used and produced comparable ranges to those based on the Gaussian distribution. Serum glucose levels appeared to coincide with the condition of the gonads; low glucose levels corresponded with approximate spawning times at the hatchery. Total serum protein and gonadal condition were similarly related. High variability of the serum enzymes LDH and SGOT was partially explained by a positive linear relationship between enzyme activity and acclimation temperatures. In addition to physiological significance, determination of normal ranges for rainbow trout has promise in diagnosis of pathological, disease, and toxicant-induced stresses.

Some Blood Chemistry Values for the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1162-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Wedemeyer ◽  
K. Chatterton
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Normal Ranges

Normal distribution curves were graphically fitted to approximately 1400 clinical test values obtained from the plasma or kidney tissue of more than 200 yearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Estimated normal ranges were ascorbate, 102–214 μg/g; blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 0.9–4.5 mg/100 ml; chloride, 84–132 mEq/liter; cholesterol, 161–365 mg/100 ml; cortisol, 1.5–18.5 μg/100 ml; glucose, 41–151 mg/100 ml; and total protein, 2–6 g/100 ml.

Effects of Intra-and Interindividual Variation on the Appropriate Use of Normal Ranges

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1535-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene K Harris
Keyword(s):  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Average Ratio ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Distribution Of Values ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Time Systems ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Abstract Normal ranges based on the distribution of single samples from a large number of individuals reflect both intra- and interindividual variation. If the average ratio of these two sources of variation is small, then, assuming gaussian distributions, the conventional normal range will usually include a larger than expected proportion of an individual's distribution of values. When the average ratio exceeds 1.4, the normal range will include a proportion either larger or smaller than expected, depending on whether the individual's variability is less than or greater than average intra-individual variation. Investigation of multivariate normal regions in certain cases where calculations are feasible produced similar results. With these numerical guidelines, data from recent blood-chemistry studies indicate that conventional normal ranges are likely to be less sensitive than desired to significant changes in an individual's biochemical state. This analysis supports the continued development and use of cumulative (in time) systems for reporting laboratory test results for individuals.

scholarly journals Hematology and Blood Chemistry Reference Values of Captive Adult Black-Faced Ibis (Theristicus melanopis melanopis)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2227
Author(s):  
Alonso Silva ◽  
Paola Mujica ◽  
Evelyn Valdés ◽  
Hernan Cañon-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase ◽  
White Line ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
G Ratio

Hematology and blood chemistry reference values in wildlife animals are considered a key element to evaluate their health and welfare status. The incidence of birds rescued is increasing, thus, rehabilitation centers worldwide need valid reference values to improve medical care for wild individuals. The objective of this study was to obtain the reference values of the adult black-faced ibis (Theristicus melanopis). Blood was taken from adult rehabilitated birds and analyzed to obtain red and white line values such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. Values for blood glucose, proteins, albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and albumin:globulin (A/G) ratio were also obtained. The results were similar to others reported for species of the Threskiornithidae family (bald, glossy and Puna ibises), but showed higher values for white blood cells (WBC), heterophils, monocytes and heterophil-lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, but lower values for basophils and eosinophils. Moreover, higher values in albumin, BUN and CPK were observed. This is the first report of the hematology references values for the black-faced ibis showing differences to other closely related species. The results may be of use in rescue and rehabilitation centers for animal welfare and health assessments of the black-faced ibis.

Effects of sampling conditions on selected blood variables of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Korcock ◽  
A. H. Houston ◽  
J. D. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sampling Conditions ◽  
Blood Variables

scholarly journals 283ASSESSMENT OF CALVES PRODUCED BY IVP IN A SEMI-DEFINED MEDIUM

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
A. Pugh ◽  
S. Hagenson ◽  
J. Forsyth ◽  
K. Cockrem ◽  
V. McMillan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Ultrasound Measurement ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Acth Challenge ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Defined Culture

Heavy birth weight, increased calving difficulty, heart function defects, increased perinatal mortality and organ immaturity have been reported for calves produced from IVP embryos compared to those produced from MOET or AI (van Wagtendonk AM et al., 2000 Theriogenology 53, 575–597; Jacobsen H et al., 2002 Anim Reprod Sci 70, 1–11). In this study we examined birth weight (BWT), and blood chemistry at 1 day of age, gestation length and heart function at 7 days, and response to an ACTH challenge at 21 days of calves derived from IVP in a ‘semi-defined’ IVC system (Thompson JG et al., 2000 J. Reprod. Fertil. 118, 47–55) and of contemporary MOET or AI calves. Holstein Friesian (HF) 2- and 3-year-old recipients carrying single HF calves (101×IVP and 21×MOET) were monitored in this study. Within 1 day of birth the calves were weighed and a blood sample taken for analysis. At 7d, ultrasound measurement of the left ventricle diastolic diameter (LVEDd) and % ejection fraction (EF%) was determined. Each calf was then transported to a rearing unit. At 3 weeks of age, 30 IVP and 30 control AI calves of the same age were injected i.v. with Synacthen (synthetic ACTH, Ciba Corporation, 0.1μgkg−1 body weight). Blood samples were collected at −30, 0, 30, 60 and 90min (0min=time of injection) for cortisol measurements. There was no difference in BWT for MOET or IVP calves (40.9±4.7 v. 35.6±4.8kg, respectively). Moreover, gestation lengths (279 days v. 281 days) and calving assistance scores (1.3 v. 1.6) did not differ. Calf mortality at birth was higher for IVP calves (16%) than for MOET calves (5%). All but 7 surviving calves (6×IVP and 1×MOET) had high GGT levels at 1 day. Blood chemistry revealed no differences between the calf types, all measures being within normal ranges. For all calves, heart function analysis revealed no abnormalities with mean LVEDd=4.1±0.6cm and mean EF%=78.5±8.4%. All calves exhibited elevated cortisol following ACTH challenge. There was no difference between control and IVP calves for mean cortisol concentration at any time point (0min, 13.8±5.2; 30min, 46.6±9.8; 60min, 42.8±9.9; 90min, 28.1±8.9ngmL−1). These data suggest that, unlike calves produced in less defined culture systems, calves produced by IVP in a semi-defined culture system have birth weight and gestation lengths similar to those of MOET calves. Moreover, no abnormalities in organ (heart, adrenal) function were detected. However, of concern was the high number of unexplained deaths for IVP calves. This may be due to an overall lack of vigour in IVP calves that, in an unsupervised calving, results in calf death. More vigilence at calving may be needed to ensure calf survival. The authors thank Juliet Jensen, Waikato Hospital, for ultrasound measurements and David Stewart, Morrinsville Veterinary Services, for calf care. This study was funded by Vialactia Biosciences and FRST.

Effects of Intra- and Inter-Individual Variation on Distributions of Single Measurements

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene K Harris ◽  
David L DeMets
Keyword(s):  
Probability Model ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Measured Variable ◽  
Gaussian Form ◽  
Sample Distribution ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Single Determination

Abstract When healthy individuals are surveyed to estimate the "normal range" of some measured variable, generally only a single determination of the variable is obtained for each person. The distribution of such values reflects intra-individual variations, (including analytic deviations) as well as the differences among individuals with respect to such parameters as mean or variance. These underlying sources of variation have been expressed in a conditional probability model from which general equations have been derived showing the effects of these variations on the shape parameters (skewness and kurtosis) of a single-sample distribution. These results may help to explain the shape of a given distribution. More generally, they imply that methods of calculating normal ranges would benefit from a study of various mathematical transformations that could convert distributions of almost any shape to approximately gaussian form. Data from recent blood-chemistry studies are used to compare observed shape statistics with those calculated from the model.

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