A Leukocytolytic Factor Isolated from Cultures of Aeromonas salmonicida

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1118-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Fuller ◽  
K. S. Pilcher ◽  
J. L. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Amino Sugars ◽  
Avirulent Strain

A substance characterized as a glycoprotein, isolated from the supernatant fluids of broth cultures of Aeromonas salmonicida by a combination of ammonium sulfate and ethanol precipitations followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, was cytolytic for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) leukocytes, and antigenic when injected into rabbits. The ratio of protein to hexose determined by analysis of the purified fraction was between 0.35 and 0.45, and small amounts of amino sugars were detected. A virulent strain of A. salmonicida produced much more of this factor than an avirulent strain. This factor was cytolytic for leukocytes in vitro and also produced a pronounced leukopenia when injected intravenously in adult rainbow trout. When injected in small coho salmon (Oncorhyncus kisutch) 8–13 cm long together with about one LD50 of live A. salmonicida 36 of 40 fish succumbed to the combination, whereas only 14 of 40 died from an injection of the bacterium alone. Thus, the pathogenicity of the organism was enhanced, presumably by increasing the susceptibility of the host. Hence, this glycoprotein apparently is one of the virulence factors of this bacterium. Key words: leukocytolytic factor, Aeromonas salmonicida, glycoprotein, virulence factor

Relation of Water Temperature to Infections of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Chinook Salmon (O. tshawytscha), and Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) with Aeromonas salmonicida and A. hydrophila

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Groberg Jr. ◽  
R. H. McCoy ◽  
K. S. Pilcher ◽  
J. L. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout

Juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and spring chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) were infected by intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection with Aeromonas salmonicida or A. hydrophila at seven temperatures from 3.9 to 20.5 °C. At 3.9 and 6.7 °C, mortality in fish infected with A. salmonicida varied from 2 to 26% among the three salmonid species. At 20.5 °C 93–100% of these animals died within 2 or 3 days; at 6.7 °C or lower the fish survived for 12–23 days. Growth of A. salmonicida in vitro was influenced by temperature in a manner very similar to its influence on the in vivo infection. Comparable experiments with A. hydrophila gave results much like those with A. salmonicida, though some differences were noted. At a temperature of 20.5 °C percent mortality ranged from 64 to 100%. At 9.4 °C or below no deaths attributed to A. hydrophila occurred. Fatally infected fish died more rapidly at the higher temperatures. Key words: Aeromonas salmonicida, A. hydrophila, water temperature, furunculosis, motile aeromonas septicemia, coho salmon, chinook salmon, steelhead trout

Physiological Response of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Handling and Crowding Stress in Intensive Fish Culture

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2699-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wedemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Fish Distribution ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Crowding Stress ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Intensive Fish Culture

Moving 4–5-in. coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held in soft (20 ppm CaCO3) water from the relatively light loading density of 0.5 lb/ft3 to 1, 2, or 4 lb/ft3 (density index, DI = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8) caused significant stress as indicated by loss of feeding behavior, but only minimal physiological disturbances, as indicated by lack of hyperglycemia or hypochloremia. However, moving them to 6 or 12 lb/ft3 (DI = 1.2, 2.4) caused significant physiological stress which required at least a week for recovery. Smolting coho salmon were physiologically stressed by population densities of 1 lb/ft3 or more and a subclinical corynebacterial kidney infection was activated. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (4–5 in.) were physiologically stressed when moved and held at 1 lb/ft3 or more but retained normal feeding behavior. This indicates that handling and crowding stress will be minimized in softwater areas if densities in fish distribution trucks or in ponds or raceways during disease treatments are held to 0.1–0.5 lb/gal.

Aeromonas salmonicida: Relationship between Extracellular Growth Products and Isolate Virulence

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1322-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocco C. Cipriano ◽  
Billy R. Griffin ◽  
Burton C. Lidgerding
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Ion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Culture Supernatants ◽  
Crude Material

Extracellular growth products, extracted from culture supernatants of Aeromonas salmonicida by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and ethanol, were resolved into four fractions by ion-exchange chromatography. Although one of these (fraction II) possessed leukocytolytic activity, virulence of the pathogen was not associated with leukocytotoxicity. A positive correlation was established, however, between virulence and the toxicity of extracted material to cultured rainbow trout gonad (RTG-2) cells. The crude material and fractions II and III from virulent isolates were more toxic to RTG-2 cells than were similar preparations from avirulent isolates. Preparations from virulent isolates caused hemorrhaging, lesion development, and mortality when injected intramuscularly into brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar). Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were more resistant and lesions could be produced only with fraction II. Fraction II also possessed proteolytic activity.Key words: Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis, pathogenicity, salmonids, extracellular products, cytotoxicity, leukocytolysis, proteolysis, fishes

scholarly journals THE MULTIPLICATION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI WITHIN NORMAL PHAGOCYTES IN TISSUE CULTURE

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Suter
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Intracellular Multiplication ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro

A technique has been described for the cultivation in vitro of normal mononuclear cells on glass slides in a liquid medium. Under these conditions the monocytes transformed into macrophages which proliferated as in ordinary tissue culture. These cultures of monocytes could be infected with tubercle bacilli. The numbers of stainable tubercle bacilli within the monocytes increased steadily in cultures infected with virulent or attenuated strains. Evidence is given to support the view that this increase in numbers of bacilli was due to intracellular multiplication. There was no evidence of intracellular bacillary multiplication in cultures infected with an avirulent strain. Tubercle bacilli multiplying within phagocytes in vitro exert a damaging effect upon the host cells. The damage was most obvious in cells infected with a virulent strain. Tubercle bacilli within phagocytes were protected against the bacteriostatic effect of streptomycin added in a concentration of 5 γ per ml. of culture medium. This permitted the use of streptomycin in infected cultures to prevent extracellular multiplication of the bacilli.

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