Differential Response to Water Current by Two Homozygous LDH Phenotypes of Young Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Northcote ◽  
B. W. Kelso
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Migratory Behavior ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Downstream Movement

Above-waterfall, wild stocks of rainbow trout fry homozygous for liver lactate dehydrogenase alleles ldh HαA and ldh HαB were artificially propagated, and their response to water current was compared in experimental channels permitting upstream or downstream movement. Although HαA HαA phenotypes showed significantly more upstream movement than HαB HαB phenotypes in tests made under lighted conditions and less downstream movement in darkness, these differences in behavior cannot necessarily be ascribed to the ldh Hα locus. Implications to control of current responses in trout maintaining populations above waterfalls impassible to upstream migration are discussed.Key words: current response, LDH, rainbow trout, migratory behavior

Genetic and environmental aspects of the response to water current by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) originating from inlet and outlet streams of two lakes

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 2177-2185 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Kelso ◽  
T. G. Northcote ◽  
C. F. Wehrhahn
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Parental Stock ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Response To Water

Directional responses to water current by young rainbow trout fry, originating from seven parental stocks spawning in inlet or outlet streams of two British Columbia lakes, were studied in laboratory channels at three levels of temperature and two of illumination (light, dark). Intrastock and one complete 7 × 7 diallel cross were propagated for the experiment. The response of fry to water current was significantly affected by parental stock, illumination, and temperature. Significant genetic differences in current response scores were found among stocks in both light and dark trials. Mean upstream movement scores were generally higher for fry with outlet fathers than for those with inlet fathers. When data for the light and dark diallel experiments were combined, the mean difference in upstream movement scores between fry with outlet fathers and those with inlet fathers was 0.94 ± 0.26 which is significant at the 0.001 level. The corresponding mean difference between fry from outlet × outlet and inlet × inlet crosses was 1.34 ± 0.38 which is significant at the 0.0005 level. The interplay of genetic and environmental factors regulating lakeward migration of the young trout from the different types of parental spawning streams is discussed.

scholarly journals Migratory Behaviour of Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, in Outlet and Inlet Streams of Loon Lake, British Columbia

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Northcote
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Outlet Stream ◽  
Downstream Movement

The marked differences in response to water current, exhibited by juvenile rainbow trout migrating into Loon Lake from its outlet and inlet streams, were studied both in the field and in experimental laboratory apparatus. All available evidence argued against genetically discrete outlet and inlet stocks, each maintaining different innate responses to water current. Difference in water temperature between streams was shown, in field and laboratory experiments, to regulate direction of juvenile trout migration through action on behaviour associated with downstream movement, maintenance of position and upstream movement.In laboratory experiments with cool (5 and 10 °C) flowing water, recently emerged fry rarely made contact with the stream bottom in darkness and exhibited much more downstream movement than in warm (> 14 °C) water. In cool streams of the Loon Lake system (daily mean consistently < 13 °C) large numbers of recently emerged fry moved downstream in darkness. Laboratory experiments indicated that combination of cool water (10 °C) and long day length (16 hours) induced downstream movement of fingerlings. In the field, fingerlings moved downstream largely in late spring and summer in cool streams of the Loon Lake system.In laboratory experiments with warm (15 and 20 °C) flowing water, recently emerged fry made frequent contact with the stream bottom in darkness and exhibited much less downstream movement than in cool (10 °C) water. In the warm outlet stream (daily mean in summer usually > 15 °C) recently emerged fry maintained position in darkness. Laboratory experiments suggested that short day length (8 hours) may facilitate maintenance of position exhibited by fingerlings in streams during late autumn and winter.Upstream movement of fry recorded in the field and tested in the laboratory was most pronounced in warm water (> 14 °C). Fingerlings subjected to rapid 5–degree (C) increases in water temperature in an experimental stream exhibited an immediate increase in upstream movement. Upstream movement in summer of large fry and fingerlings occurred only in the warm outlet stream; daily periodicity of upstream movement was positively correlated with sharp rises in water temperature.Evidence examined from four other widely separated stream systems indicated an environmental control of migration in juvenile rainbow trout similar to that demonstrated in the Loon Lake stream system. Possible mechanisms and interaction of factors controlling migratory patterns between and within streams are discussed. Significance of the predominant role played by temperature is considered.

Swimming Stamina Differences Between Genotypically Distinct Forms of Rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) and Steelhead Trout

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 996-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tsuyuki ◽  
S. N. Williscroft
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Very Low Frequency ◽  
Time Required

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) homozygous for liver lactate dehydrogenase alleles ldhHαA and ldhHαB were artificially propagated and their swimming stamina compared. The time required to fatigue 50% of the HαAHαA phenotypes in fixed water velocity tests was 2.3 times greater on the average than that of HαAHαB phenotypes.Likewise, LDH phenotypes HαAHαA, HαAHαB, and HαAHαB of steelhead trout from the Thompson River were artifically propagated and their swimming stamina compared. In contrast to the rainbow trout, significant differences in stamina among the three phenotypes of steelhead were not evident in the stocks from this river nor between phenotypes HαAHαB and HαBHαB from another stream, the Vedder River, which has a very low frequency of the ldhHαA allele. The stamina of young steelhead from the Thompson River was, however, 3.8 times greater than that of those from the Vedder River. Key words: stamina, LDH, rainbow trout, steelhead, phenotype, swimming, fatigue

Effect of Capture Stress on Plasma Enzyme Activities in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1485-1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Bouck ◽  
M. A. Cairns ◽  
A. R. Christian
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Creatine Phosphokinase ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Plasma Enzyme ◽  
Capture Stress

Four capture methods were used to collect domesticated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): angling, electroshocking, seining, and direct netting (control). Blood was sampled rapidly upon capture, usually within 2 min. No significant differences were noted within the time frame of the experiment between the four capture groups for plasma protein concentration, lactate dehydrogenase activity, or leucine aminonaphthylamidase activity. Creatine phosphokinase activity was elevated among electroshocked fish. Acid phosphatase activity was too low for accurate measurement. Hematocrits were significantly elevated by capture struggles. These results indicate that these capture methods do not preclude the use of plasma enzyme levels for investigating the health of wild fish. Key words: plasma enzyme, capture stress, physiology, plasma protein, rainbow trout, lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminonaphthylamidase, creatine phosphokinase

Factors Affecting Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Predation on Migrant Fry of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Ginetz ◽  
P. A. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Lower Stream ◽  
Downstream Movement

Predation of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) on migrant sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fry in experimental streams was higher on fry at an earlier development stage, in moonlight by contrast to cloudy night light intensities, at lesser turbidities, and at lower stream velocities. At dusk light intensities, from.05 to.30 ft-c, mortality from predation was inversely related to light intensity. The longer the period of exposure of fry to naturally declining light intensities prior to downstream movement, the lower was the loss to predators. Exposure of predators to high light intensities prior to the downstream movement of fry resulted in decreased fry mortality. Fry that had survived exposure to predators in an experimental stream 1 and 2 days previous were less vulnerable to predation than "naive" fry. Successive exposures further decreased the loss to predation. Fry enumerated at a counting fence suffered less predation than fry not enumerated. Experienced fry moved downstream more rapidly than naive fry.In laboratory aquaria, experienced fry formed compact schools prior to and in response to stimuli, while naive fry formed loose schools or did not school. Experienced fry were less active in responding to stimuli. Enumerated fry resembled experienced fry; nonenumerated fry resembled naive fry.Various techniques of enhancing sockeye salmon fry survival during downstream migration are suggested by these results.

Lactate Dehydrogenase Systems of Rainbow Trout — Evidence for Polymorphism in Liver and Additional Subunits in Gills

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1563-1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Williscroft ◽  
H. Tsuyuki
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
The West ◽  
Subunit C ◽  
Common Stocks ◽  
Kootenay Lake

Three lactate dehydrogenase phenotypes, CC, CC′, and C′C′, were encountered in the livers of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) resident in Kokanee Creek, which flows into the west arm of Kootenay Lake, B.C. The rare subunit C occurred in high frequency in specimens from this area. Two additional lactate dehydrogenase subunits, designated E1 and E2 in this study, and not reported previously, were found in the gill tissues of common stocks of rainbow trout homozygous for the C′C′ phenotype, raising the total number of molecular species, based on 10 electrophoretically distinct subunits, to at least 23 for this species.

Meristic and Lactate Dehydrogenase Genotype Differences in Stream Populations of Rainbow Trout Below and Above a Waterfall

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1987-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Northcote ◽  
S. N. Williscroft ◽  
H. Tsuyuki
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Heterozygous Form ◽  
Phenotypic Forms

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from above a waterfall on Kokanee Creek had significantly higher average number of parr marks and scale rows but lower number of vertebrae compared with those living below the falls. Three phenotypic forms of liver lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were recognized in Kokanee Creek rainbow trout (two single-banded homozygous forms CC and C′C′ and a five-banded heterozygous form CC′), apparently under the control of a two allele system. Homozygote CC was predominant in trout from the above falls population and homozygote C′C′ was predominant in those from below the falls. Possible origins of meristic and LDH differences between above- and below-falls populations are discussed and their significance to differences in behaviour, particularly migratory, are considered.

Distribution of LDH-B″ Gene in Resident and Anadromous Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) from Streams in British Columbia

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Huzyk ◽  
H. Tsuyuki
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Very Low Frequency ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Coastal Streams ◽  
Skeena River

The B″ subunit of lactate dehydrogenase from the liver tissue of wild populations of resident rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from the Loon and Pennask Lake areas has been found in a frequency of 0.400–0.800. An electrophoretically identical subunit was found in similar proportions in anadromous steelhead trout from the Thompson River, and from the Coquihala River in considerably smaller proportions. Steelhead from some coastal streams in and near Vancouver and Vancouver Island, and other selected streams from the Fraser and Skeena river systems generally revealed a very low frequency of less than 0.1.

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