Chemical Response of Lakes Treated with CaCO3 to Reacidification

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles T. Driscoll ◽  
William A. Ayling ◽  
G. F. Fordham ◽  
Leah M. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Water Columns ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
Woods Lake ◽  
Dissolution Efficiency ◽  
Hydrologic Inputs ◽  
Mixed Water

The reacidification of two lakes in the Adirondack region of New York treated by CaCO3 application was evaluated. Base treatment resulted in a very high immediate dissolution efficiency in both lakes (78–82%), increasing acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) to values of 450–550 μeq∙L−1. During the fall following manipulation, completely mixed water columns and elevated hydrologic inputs greatly facilitated reacidification, decreasing pH and diluting Ca2+ concentrations. Cranberry Pond effectively reacidified within 7 mo of treatment, while the ANC of Woods Lake decreased to near 0 μeq∙L−1 15 mo after application. In Cranberry Pond, pH values decreased below 5.5 resulting in transport of elevated concentrations of inorganic Al through the lake. Annual ANC budgets suggest that little CaCO3 penetrated to the sediments, limiting long-term release of ANC from sediment dissolution. Hydrolysis of Al, due to the elevated lake pH, served to consume ANC and there is evidence to indicate limited exchange of water column Ca2+ with sediments shortly after treatment followed by release of this Ca2+ during reacidification. However these processes did not significantly accelerate or attenuate the rate of reacidification. The rate of acidification could largely be explained by the flushing of ANC from the lakes by hydrologic inputs.

Short-Term Changes in the Acid/Base Chemistry of Two Acidic Lakes Following Calcium Carbonate Treatment

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Fordham ◽  
C. T. Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Initial Perturbation ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Acidic Lakes ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Rapid Dissolution ◽  
Additional Release ◽  
Woods Lake

Woods Lake and Cranberry Pond, two chronically acidic lakes located in the Adirondack region of New York, USA, were intensively monitored following CaCO3 treatment in May 1985 to evaluate the mechanisms controlling short-term changes in water column chemistry. Immediately following base application (24 h), both lakes responded like systems closed to atmospheric CO2, because the dissolution of very small CaCO3 particles (median diameter 2 μm) exceeded the rate of atmospheric CO2 intrusion. Rapid dissolution of CaCO3 coupled with very low concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) prior to treatment, resulted in pH increases in the upper mixed waters from 4.9 to 9.4 in Woods Lake and from 4.6 to 9.1 in Cranberry Pond, as waters readily became saturated with CaCO3. pH increases were accompanied by stoichiometric increases in dissolved Ca2+, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), and DIC. Following this initial perturbation, the upper mixed waters equilibrated with atmospheric CO2 over a 4 wk period, facilitating additional release of dissolved Ca2+ and ANC due to dissolution of suspended CaCO3. The amount of CaCO3 that dissolved during the 4 wk immediately following treatment, calculated from Ca2+ budgets, was very high; 86% in Woods Lake and 79% in Cranberry Pond.

The long-term acid neutralizing capacity of steel slag

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinying Yan ◽  
Luis Moreno ◽  
Ivars Neretnieks
Keyword(s):  
Steel Slag ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity

Seasalt Effects on the Acid Neutralizing Capacity of Streamwaters in Southern Norway

1995 ◽  
Vol 26 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 369-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Espen Lydersen ◽  
Arne Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Stream Water ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Southern Norway

Input of neutral salt, primarily NaCl, from sea spray is an important factor for short-term acidification of surface water, primarily in already acidified areas, because Na may substitute for H+ and cationic aluminium by cation-exchange reactions in the soil. By evaluating the variation of non-marine sodium (Na*) separately it is possible to estimate the major effect of seasalt episodes on the neutralizing capacity (ANC) of stream water. At four long-term monitored Norwegian catchments, the Na* in stream water on average explained 28 ± 4% of the monthly variations of ANC in stream water at Birkenes, and 27 ± 3%, 20 ± 2% and 56 ± 5% of the correspondent variations at Storgama, Langtjern and Kaarvatn, during the respective monitoring periods. The remaining variations in acid neutralizing capacity are explained by the difference between non-marine base cations (ΣCa*,Mg*,K*) and non-marine sulphate (SO4*) and NO3. This paper also indicates that seasalt episodes are probably of greater importance for the periodic variations in ANC of stream water than commonly recognized. During the last years, extreme seasalt episodes have occurred in southern Norway, and more frequently at winter-time, which means that seasalt inputs have played a more important role for the short-term variations of ANC in stream water the last years. This tendency is also strengthened by the fact that there has been a significant decline in the input of acidic sulphur compounds and non-marine base cations in stream water during the last 10-15 years. Because the decline in soil-derived base cations in stream water is somewhat lower than the correspondent decline of sulphate, a slowly improving ANC of stream water should be expected on long-term basis. Seasalt episodes of the same magnitude as those present during the last years, will therefore most likely cause less extreme water-chemical conditions in the years to come. Because the seasalt effect seems to be a short-term effect, there is no reason to claim that these effects may cause long-term acidification, a conclusion earlier drawn from several correspondent studies.

Predicting Reacidification of Calcite Treated Acid Lakes

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph V. DePinto ◽  
Richard D. Scheffe ◽  
William G. Booty ◽  
Thomas C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Hydraulic Retention Time ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Water Proton ◽  
Acid Lakes ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Woods Lake

A mathematical model (acid lake reacidification model, ALaRM) for predicting reacidification times of calcite treated acid lakes has been calibrated and field tested using data from two Lake Acidification Mitigation Project (LAMP)) lakes (Woods Lake and Cranberry Pond, Big Moose, N.Y.) The model is based on dynamic water column and sediment mass balances of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Inclusion of a sediment submodel that includes sediment–pore water proton exchange, production of DIC through sediment respiration, ANC generation or utilization through redox reactions, long-term dissolution of calcite deposited in the surface sediments during application, and pH adjustment through an equilibrium proton balance, permits the deterministic simulation of sediment response to whole-lake liming and its subsequent effect on water column reacidification. Application of ALaRM to the postliming response of the two lakes demonstrated that reacidification was controlled primarily by hydrologic flushing and secondarily by sediment–water ANC transfer. Cranberry Pond, which has a mean hydraulic retention time of 2 mo, reacidified to near 0 ANC and pH < 5 within 6 mo after treatment. Woods Lake, which has a mean hydraulic retention time of almost 6 mo, still had an ANC > 20 μeq∙L−1 and a pH > 5.6 just prior to its reliming 15 mo after its initial treatment.

How Much Acidification Has Occurred in Adirondack Region Lakes (New York, USA) since Preindustrial Times?

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. F. Cumming ◽  
J. P. Smol ◽  
J. C. Kingston ◽  
D. F. Charles ◽  
H. J. B. Birks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Lake Water Chemistry ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Adirondack Lakes

Preindustrial and present-day lake water pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), total monomeric aluminum (Alm), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were inferred from the species composition of diatom and chrysophyte microfossils in the tops (present-day inferences) and bottoms (pre-1850 inferences) of sediment cores collected from a statistically selected set of Adirondack lakes. Results from the study lakes were extrapolated to a predefined target population of 675 low-alkalinity Adirondack region lakes. Estimates of preindustrial to present-day changes in lake water chemistry show that approximately 25–35% of the target population has acidified. The magnitude of acidification was greatest in the low-alkalinity lakes of the southwestern Adirondacks, an area with little geological ability to neutralize acidic deposition and receives the highest annual average rainfall in the region. We estimate that ~80% of the target population lakes with present-day measured pH [Formula: see text] and 30–45% of lakes with pH between 5.2 and 6.0 have undergone large declines in pH and ANC, and concomitant increases in [Alm]. Estimated changes in [DOC] were small and show no consistent pattern in the acidified lakes. This study provides the first statistically based regional evaluation of the extent of lake acidification in the Adirondacks.

scholarly journals Long-term trends of water chemistry in mountain streams in Sweden – slow recovery from acidification

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Borg ◽  
M. Sundbom
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Precipitation Trend ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Recovery From Acidification ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract. The water chemistry of streams and precipitation in the province of Jämtland, northern Sweden has been monitored since the 1980s to study long-term trends, occurrence of acid episodes, and effects of liming. The acidity in precipitation increased in the 1970s, followed by a loss of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and low pH in the streams. Sulfur deposition began to decrease in the 1980s, until approximately 2000, after which the decrease levelled out. Stream water sulfate concentration followed the precipitation trend but decreased more slowly and since the late 1990s a subtle increase was observed. Sulfate concentrations in the snow typically have been higher than or equal to the stream sulfate levels. However, during the period of rapid deposition decrease and also since 2005 stream sulfate has sometimes exceeded snow sulfate, indicating desorption of stored soil sulfate, possibly because of climate-related changes in run-off routes through the soil profiles, following shorter periods of frost. From 1982 to 2000, total organic carbon (TOC) increased by approximately 0.1 mg L−1 yr−1. The mean trends in sulfate and TOC from approximately 1990 until today were generally opposite. Acidic episodes with pH 4.0 at flow peaks occurred frequently in the unlimed streams, despite relatively well-buffered waters at baseflow. To evaluate the main causes for the loss of ANC during episodes, the changes in major ion concentrations during high flow episodes were evaluated. The most important factors contributing to ANC loss were dilution of base cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), enrichment of organic anions and enrichment of sulfate. Wetland liming started in 1985 after which the earlier observed extreme peak values of iron, manganese and aluminium, did not reoccur. The studied area is remote from emission sources in Europe, but the critical load of acidity is still exceeded. The long-term recovery observed in the unlimed streams is thus slow, and severe acidic episodes still occur.

Sensitivity analysis of a watershed acidification model

1984 ◽  
Vol 305 (1124) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Daily Time Step ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Daily Time

A computer model is developed and calibrated for simulating the movement of water and H ion through a forested watershed. The model is appropriate to a small (1 km 2 ) non-calcareous basin. The model is run on a daily time step with meteorological and pH of precipitation inputs. The model incorporates acid neutralizing capacity (a.n.c.) for various soil horizons. Changes in field capacity on the short and long term (weeks and months) and change in the hydraulic conductivity of the saturated zone on the long term affect basin outflow; a.n.c. and depth of the soil affect the pH of water on the long term. Reasonable changes in snow leaching, canopy enrichment, a.n.c., soil depth and total soil thickness have no effect on pH in the short term.

Long-term records and modelling of acidification, recovery, and liming at Lake Hovvatn, Norway

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2620-2631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atle Hindar ◽  
Richard F Wright
Keyword(s):  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Acidification Recovery ◽  
To Come ◽  
Acidification History

Lake Store Hovvatn and the adjacent Lake Lille Hovvatn (Norway) are acidified owing to long-term deposition of S and N. By 1974, pH was 4.46 and acid-neutralizing capacity was –42 µequiv.·L–1. Following a lake SO4 reduction from 92 to 33 µequiv.·L–1, pH had increased to 4.8 and acid-neutralizing capacity had increased to –8 µequiv.·L–1 by 2003. The acidification history is well reconstructed using the dynamic model MAGIC. The model predicts that the lakes will not, however, recover to conditions adequate to support a self-reproducing brown trout (Salmo trutta) population. Lake Store Hovvatn was first limed in 1981 and subsequently annually or biannually until 1999, at which time the entire catchment was limed. Liming increased pH to above target levels of 6.0 and reduced inorganic Al to below 5 µequiv.·L–1 in the main water body. Only after the terrestrial liming in 1999, however, was pH potentially adequate for egg survival in the lake during winter, as pH at shallow depths below the ice stayed above 5.5. The results indicate that even the dramatic reduction in acid deposition in Europe will be insufficient to provide water quality adequate for fish populations; such lakes will require some sort of liming for many decades to come.

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