Bioenergetics of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) at low temperatures

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1772-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hop ◽  
W M Tonn ◽  
H E Welch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budget ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Boreogadus Saida ◽  
Arctic Cod

The Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), a key component of the marine food web of Canadian high Arctic waters, occurs at temperatures close to or below zero. We established a complete energy budget for this Arctic fish, based on laboratory measurements of consumption (C), growth (G), respiration (R), egestion (F), and excretion (U) at about 0°C. An average (N = 3) energy budget for individual juvenile Arctic cod fed live Arctic zooplankton was 100C = 50G + 24R + 9SDA + 3F + 6U + 8Z, where SDA is specific dynamic action (derived from previously published studies) and Z included activity and unaccounted energy. Eight determinations of total energy budgets for fish fed to satiation accounted for 72-104% of the energy consumed. Maximum daily rations and growth rates were dependent on fish size and the energy content of prey. Although maximum daily rations were similar for small fish fed different prey, diets of Calanus copepods (high energy content) resulted in faster growth rates than diets of Themisto amphipods or capelin (Mallotus villosus) fillets. Both consumption and respiration rates were low at temperatures close to 0°C. The net result was slow growth rates, although the assimilation efficiency was about 80%. Because of slow growth of individuals, the relatively high annual production of Arctic cod mainly reflects their large standing biomass.

Trace Metals (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn) in Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida, and Selected Zooplankton from Strathcona Sound, Northern Baffin Island

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2836-2840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Bohn ◽  
R. O. McElroy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Bottom Trawl ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Boreogadus Saida ◽  
Arctic Cod ◽  
Planktonic Copepods ◽  
The Difference

Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) were captured by bottom trawl at depths of 120–300 m. Zooplankton were obtained by bottom to surface tows from the Arctic cod habitat. Average concentrations of arsenic (As) and zinc (Zn) were higher in Arctic cod fillets than in livers from the same fish; cadmium (Cd) and iron (Fe) concentrations were higher in livers. The difference between copper (Cu) concentrations in muscle and liver was not significant. As and Zn in whole fish, and As in fillets from seven specimens, were positively correlated to body weight. Cu and Fe in whole fish were negatively correlated to body weight, whereas Cd was not related to body weight. Examination of Arctic cod stomach contents indicated that planktonic copepods were important in the diet. Cd levels were 5–8 times higher in the unsorted copepods than in the Arctic cod, whereas As, Cu, Fe, and Zn were higher in the fish than in the copepods.

Influence of Haemobaphes cyclopterina and H. intermedius (Copepoda) on Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and tidepool sculpins (Oligocottus maculosus), respectively

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1280-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Khan ◽  
K. Ryan ◽  
J. W. Lawson ◽  
H. Munehara
Keyword(s):  
Condition Factor ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Boreogadus Saida ◽  
Arctic Cod ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Gonadal Somatic Index ◽  
Somatic Index ◽  
Oligocottus Maculosus

A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and effects of two species of blood-feeding copepods on their definitive fish hosts, viz. Haemobaphes cyclopterina parasitizing Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and H. intermedius infecting tidepool sculpins (Oligocottus maculosus). Infected and uninfected Arctic cod and tidepool sculpins were captured by SCUBA and dip net in the northwest Atlantic and northeast Pacific, respectively. Biological variables such as condition factor, hepatic somatic index, gonadal somatic index, and haematocrit were compared between the two groups of Arctic cod of both sexes, whereas only condition factor was compared in the two groups of sculpins of both sexes. Prevalence of H. cyclopterina (8%) was considerably lower than that of H. intermedius (46%). This difference is probably associated with the hosts' behaviour, as the Arctic cod is pelagic whereas the tidepool sculpin is restricted to the littoral zone, where infections are probably acquired. Infected Arctic cod of both sexes had significantly lower condition factor, hepatic and gonadal somatic indices, and haematocrit than non-parasitized fish. Only females harboured large numbers of the parasite and showed even more dramatic changes than the corresponding groups. The growth period of H. cyclopterina on Arctic cod from the time of infection to the fully developed egg sac stage is probably about 6 months. In tidepool sculpins, condition factor was significantly lower in infected than in uninfected fish. These results, especially for the Arctic cod, parallel those reported for gadoid fish following infection with haematophagous species of Lernaeocera that impair growth and reproduction.

Micro-geographic population genetic structure within Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) in Beaufort Sea of Alaska

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1713-1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E Wilson ◽  
George K Sage ◽  
Kate Wedemeyer ◽  
Sarah A Sonsthagen ◽  
Damian M Menning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Beaufort Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Boreogadus Saida ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Arctic Cod

Abstract Many marine organisms show significant levels of genetic heterogeneity on local spatial scales despite exhibiting limited genetic structure at large geographic scales which can be produced through a variety of mechanisms. The Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) is a circumpolar species and is a vital species in Arctic food webs. To examine population genetic structure of Arctic cod at macro- and micro-geographic scales, we characterized variation at mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite loci among Arctic cod located in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas in Alaska. We found two distinct mtDNA haplotype clusters, although there was no underlying geographic pattern (FST = −0.001). Congruent with this finding, microsatellite loci suggested a panmictic population (FST = 0.001) across northern Alaskan marine waters at a large spatial scale. However, we found slight but significant micro-geographic partitioning of genetic variation in the southern shelf of the Beaufort Sea that appeared to be associated with the western reaches of the Mackenzie River plume. This fine-scale spatial pattern was not associated with kin-associated groups, suggesting larvae cohorts are not remaining together throughout development. We hypothesize that this pattern reflects the intermixing of Pacific and Arctic origin lineages of Arctic cod.

scholarly journals First documented large-scale horizontal movements of individual Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida)

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.T. Kessel ◽  
N.E. Hussey ◽  
R.E. Crawford ◽  
D.J. Yurkowski ◽  
D.M. Webber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Forage Fish ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Boreogadus Saida ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Arctic Cod ◽  
Resolute Bay

Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) are a key component of the Arctic marine ecosystem. Understanding their movements and distribution is important for predicting future trends in response to climate change. It was commonly assumed that Arctic cod move horizontally throughout the Arctic, but this was so far unproven. In July 2012, 85 Arctic cod were implanted with acoustic transmitters at Resolute Bay, Nunavut, Canada. Five (5.9%) were subsequently detected ∼192 km due east along the Barrow Strait, between 67 and 215 days after last detection in Resolute Bay (mean ± SE = 161.4 ± 26.7 days). Minimum transition rates ranged between 0.89 and 2.87 km·day−1 (mean ± SE = 1.4 ± 0.4 km·day−1). A combination of factors, most notably sea ice extent, make it highly improbable that the detections were representative of predated or scavenged Arctic cod. This represents the first confirmed account of large-scale horizontal movements by this or any Arctic forage fish species. With continuing miniaturization of acoustic telemetry tags, increasing battery life, and expanded receiver coverage, it will be possible to gain a more comprehensive understanding of Arctic cod movements.

A transcriptome resource for the Arctic Cod (Boreogadus saida)

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Wilson ◽  
Damian M. Menning ◽  
Kate Wedemeyer ◽  
Sandra L. Talbot
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Boreogadus Saida ◽  
Arctic Cod ◽  
Transcriptome Resource

Effects of temperature and food availability on the survival and growth of larval Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 2386-2402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany L Koenker ◽  
Benjamin J Laurel ◽  
Louise A Copeman ◽  
Lorenzo Ciannelli
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Walleye Pollock ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Boreogadus Saida ◽  
Competitive Growth ◽  
Arctic Cod ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Larval Stages

Abstract Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) is an ecologically significant species that is uniquely adapted to occupy ice edges, but warming and loss of sea ice are hypothesized to favour more facultative gadids, such as walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus). To test this hypothesis, we experimentally measured the growth and survival of Arctic cod and walleye pollock at two larval stages across a range of temperature and food conditions in the laboratory. Results indicated early and late-stage Arctic cod larvae have a competitive growth and survival advantage over walleye pollock at low temperatures. However, these advantages are lost under warmer, food-productive conditions where walleye pollock larvae survived and experienced accelerated growth rates. Growth models developed from this study emphasize the need to account for both species- and stage-specific differences in the thermal response of closely related marine fish larvae. More broadly, these new vital rate data provide a mechanistic framework to forecast spatial-temporal shifts of gadids at the Arctic-boreal interface resulting from climatic warming and altered productivity regimes.

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