Changes in the quantity and characteristics of large woody debris in streams of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, U.S.A. (1982-1993)

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1395-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L McHenry ◽  
Eric Shott ◽  
Robert H Conrad ◽  
Glenn B Grette
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Riparian Forests ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Olympic Peninsula ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
The Mean

We assessed the changes in large woody debris (LWD) abundance and composition at 28 sites in 27 low-gradient Olympic Peninsula streams between 1982 and 1993. The average number of pieces of debris was virtually identical (P = 0.98) in both years (50.7 versus 50.6). However, we found a significant (P <= 0.01) reduction in the total volume of LWD material in the stream sites surveyed (51.7 m3 ·100 m-1 in 1982 to 38.2 m3 ·100 m-1 in 1993). While the mean volume of second-growth derived LWD increased from 3.6 to 10.9 m3 ·100 m-1 (P < 0.01), the increase was insufficient to offset the loss of old-growth derived LWD. The mean volume of old-growth derived LWD for all sites decreased from 48.1 to 27.4 m3 ·100 m-1 between sample years (P < 0.01). The mean diameter of second-growth derived LWD was significantly larger in 1993 than in 1982, although still smaller than old-growth derived pieces. We measured a significant increase in the percentage of LWD pieces rated as highly decayed from 1982 to 1993. The results indicate that the loss of old-growth derived LWD following the removal of old-growth riparian forests is initially very rapid, followed by a slower rate of depletion associated with watershed destabilization. Inputs of LWD from second-growth riparian forests up to 73 years old were characterized by small diameter, high mobility, and high decay rates.

Characteristics and Function of Large Woody Debris in Streams Draining Old-Growth, Clear-Cut, and Second-Growth Forests in Southwestern Washington

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2499-2508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Bilby ◽  
James W. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Stream Size ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pool Formation

Amount of large woody debris (LWD) surveyed in 70 stream reaches flowing through old-growth, clear-cut, and second-growth forests decreased with increasing stream size for all stand types but was greatest at old-growth sites. Average piece volume was larger at old-growth sites than at other stand types in streams >10 m wide, but no differences were seen in smaller streams. Scour pools accounted for 90% of the wood-associated pools at second-growth and clear-cut sites but only 50% at old-growth sites, which contained more pools than other stand types, particularly for larger streams. Pool size was similar for all stand types in smaller streams, but averaged 10 m2 in streams >10 m wide at old-growth sites and 4 m2 for other stand types. Pool size was similar for all stand types in smaller streams. Sediment and fine organic matter retained by woody debris decreased with increasing stream size for ail stand types, but old-growth sites contained greater amounts of both materials than other stand types. The frequency of pool formation, the type of pool formed, and sediment accumulation were influenced by the amount of fine debris associated with LWD. Changes in LWD amount, characteristics, and function occurred very rapidly following removal of streamside vegetation.

Input and decay of coarse woody debris in coniferous stands in western Oregon and Washington

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Sollins
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Standing Dead

At 10 locations in Oregon and Washington, tree mortality resulted in dry-matter transfer of 1.5–4.5 Mg•ha−1•year−1 of boles and branches to the forest floor and 0.3–1.3 Mg•ha−1•year−1 of large-diameter roots directly to the mineral soil. The first value is about the same as that reported for leaf fall in similar stands; the second value generally is smaller than that reported for fine root turnover. Results are based on measurements by the U.S. Forest Service spanning 16–46 years and areas as large as 42 ha. Values based on intervals < 10 years were highly variable and potentially misleading.At an old-growth Douglas-fir stand in Washington, fallen boles accounted for 81 Mg/ha, standing dead for 54 Mg/ha. Density of fallen boles averaged from 0.14 to 0.27 g/cm3 depending on decay state. Values were lower than some previously reported because (1) our sample included small-diameter fallen boles that tend to decay rapidly, and (2) we measured density with techniques that minimized compaction and shrinkage.The decay rate at the old-growth stand, calculated indirectly by dividing bole mortality (megagrams per hectare per year) by the amount (megagrams per hectare) of fallen and standing dead woody material, was 0.028 year−1. This rate, three to five times those previously calculated directly from change in density alone, was almost identical to values calculated elsewhere from change in both volume and density. Decay rates based on change in density alone include only respired and leached material and exclude the large amount of material lost in fragmentation. This study shows the value of permanent plots, undisturbed by salvage logging, for retrospective studies of decomposition, nutrient cycling, and productivity.

In-stream large woody debris loading and riparian forest seral stage associations in the southern Appalachian Mountains

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1218-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig W. Hedman ◽  
David H. Van Lear ◽  
Wayne T. Swank
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Stream Systems

Large woody debris (LWD) is an important ecological component of mountain streams. However, the relation of LWD loading and riparian forest composition is poorly understood in the southern Appalachians. In this study, 500-m reaches of 11 riparian forest–stream systems representing a 300-year sere were inventoried and measured to obtain quantitative estimates and descriptions of in-stream LWD. Loading volumes ranged from 7.1 to 31.2 m3/100 m of stream, or between 3.6 and 13.2 kg/m2. LWD loadings were highly variable during midseral stages of plant community succession, primarily because of the wide range in loading of American chestnut (Castaneadentata (Marsh.) Borkh.). Loadings increased linearly in late-successional through old-growth systems over a 165-year interval. Eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carrière) and American chestnut were the most dominant carry-over LWD species in midsuccessional stream systems. Loading of eastern hemlock LWD increased from midsuccessional through old-growth stages as the species became dominant in the riparian forest. Without carry-over debris, LWD loadings would be extremely low in midsuccessional stream systems. American chestnut was a major component of LWD in midsuccessional stream systems, despite the fact that it has been unavailable for recruitment for decades.

Restoration Considerations of Large Woody Debris in the Elwha River Nearshore, Olympic Peninsula, Washington

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Rich ◽  
J. Anne Shaffer ◽  
M. J. Fix ◽  
J. O. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Olympic Peninsula ◽  
Elwha River

Coarse Particulate Detritus Dynamics in Small, Montane Streams Southwestern British Columbia

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Montane Streams

The dynamics of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) were studied for 2 yr in three second-order streams in the Coast Range of British Columbia. Estimates of direct litterfall ranged from 201 to 481 g ash-free dry mass∙m−2∙yr−1. The magnitude of deciduous leaf litter input was similar among streams. Input of conifer needles to a stream with an old-growth canopy was higher than in two streams which drained second-growth forests. There was over a 60-fold seasonal change in deciduous leaf standing stock, but woody debris and total CPOM showed less seasonal variation. Decomposition of alder leaf packs in two of the streams showed a large temperature-dependent component and significant differences between streams, with the more retentive stream having lower rates of decomposition. From estimates of input and decay rates, models of leaf loss were made to predict benthic standing stocks of deciduous leaf litter. Comparisons of the model predictions with actual measures indicate that 70–94% of leaf material was unaccounted for and presumably lost from the study reach by export, floodplain deposition, and burial. The seasonal changes in standing stock of CPOM emphasize the variation in food supply potentially available to detritivorous stream organisms.

Coarse woody debris and soil respiration in a clearcut on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, U.S.A.

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1337-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Marra ◽  
Robert L. Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Olympic Peninsula ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Growth Site ◽  
Respiration Rates

Coarse woody debris (CWD) and soil respiration rates were measured using soda lime traps on a clearcut site in the Hoh River Valley on the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The influence of species of CWD (western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco)), decay class, and log diameter on respiration rates was determined. CWD and soil respiration were measured every 4 weeks from October 1991 to November 1992 along with CWD and soil temperature and moisture contents. Western hemlock logs respired at a significantly higher rate (4.05 g CO2•m−2•day−1) than Douglas-fir logs (2.94 g CO2•m−2•day−1). There were no significant differences between respiration rates for decay classes 1–2, 3, and 5 logs (4.47, 3.69, and 4.28 g CO2•m−2•day−1, respectively), and there was no strong relationship between CWD respiration rate and log diameter. The highest average respiration rate was from the soil in the clearcut (5.22 g CO2•m−2•day−1). Averaged for the year, log and soil respiration rates in the clearcut site were similar to those in an adjacent old-growth forested site. However, seasonal fluctuations were greater on the clearcut site. Higher summer respiration rates and lower winter rates observed on the clearcut relative to the old-growth site appeared to be driven more by temperature than by moisture. Clear-cutting also resulted in higher summer CWD and soil temperatures and lower winter temperatures compared with the old-growth site.

Volumosina, a new Nearctic genus for the rare old-growth forest fly Herniosina voluminosa Marshall (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jindřich Roháček ◽  
Stephen A. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
History Data ◽  
Old Growth Forest

AbstractVolumosinanew genus (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) is described to accomodate the enigmatic Nearctic species Herniosina voluminosa Marshall, 1987 and its relationships are discussed. Based on morphological characters Volumosina is treated as part of the Limosina genus group along with Apteromyia Vimmer, 1929, Gigalimosina Roháček, 1983, Herniosina Roháček, 1983, and Limosina Macquart, 1835 but its position within the group remains unresolved. Volumosina voluminosa (Marshall, 1987) new combination is recorded from Canada and redescribed with new distributional and natural history data suggesting that it is an old-growth specialist associated with large woody debris. The gigantism of the male aedeagal complex of V. voluminosa is discussed.

The temporal development of old-growth structural attributes in second-growth stands: a chronosequence study in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone in British Columbia

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1534-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gerzon ◽  
Brad Seely ◽  
Andy MacKinnon
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Growth Structure ◽  
Second Growth

One of the key issues facing forest resource planners is the conservation and recruitment of old-growth characteristics in managed forests. The paucity of long-term data sets in many regions has limited our ability to project the temporal patterns of structural development in second-growth forests. Age-based thresholds have been employed in some jurisdictions, but these lack flexibility and are arbitrary in nature. Here we conduct a chronosequence study consisting of second-growth and old-growth stands in the coastal forests of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to identify structural attributes that are suitable for quantifying and monitoring the progressive development of old-growth characteristics. The following structural attributes were identified and evaluated in the chronosequence analysis: volume and density of large live stems, standard deviation of stem DBH, density of large-diameter snags, volume of woody debris, and understory vegetation cover. The rate at which old-growth structural characteristics developed in second-growth stands varied considerably, with the earliest reaching levels observed in old-growth stands within 112 years, while most requiring 200 to greater than 250 years. The use of quantifiable measures of old-growth structure will help forest managers plan for the continued protection and recruitment of old-growth structure within managed forest landscapes.

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