Effect of time of day, time of year, and life history strategy on time budgeting in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 2397-2403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sveinn K Valdimarsson ◽  
Neil B Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Time Of Year

Traditionally, behavioural studies on juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, have been conducted during the day in summer. It is known that Atlantic salmon become nocturnal in winter, but very little is known about their behaviour at that time. Therefore, observations in a seminatural stream were carried out during the day and night, from February to June, comparing diel and seasonal differences in behaviour between fish adopting alternative life history strategies. The results showed a general trend for more activity in spring than in winter, and the fish were found to be foraging at surprisingly low light levels. There were differences in relative feeding rate between the life history strategies; the early migrant fish foraged mostly during the day whereas the delayed migrant fish did more foraging at night. There is some evidence that the early migrant fish made fewer feeding attempts over the winter, which is surprising, since they grow faster over that period. This suggests differences in foraging efficiency, which could contribute to the separation into these two life history strategies.

Seasonal and Developmental Variation in the Lethality of Zinc to Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zitko ◽  
W. G. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Developmental Variation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Sensitive Stage ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Lethal Level

The incipient lethal level (ILL) of zinc to juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fresh water at a water hardness of 14 mg/ℓ varies from 150 to 1000 μg/ℓ as a function of season and developmental stage of the fish. The ILL increases from 500 to 1000 μg/ℓ during the 1st yr and decreases to 150 μg/ℓ in the following spring. The more sensitive stage in the salmon's life history, evidenced by decrease of ILL coincides with and is probably related to initial stages of the parr–smolt transformation.

The influence of energetic requirements on the preferred temperature of overwintering juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J Morgan ◽  
Neil B Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Final Preferred Temperature

We used a horizontal temperature gradient to investigate the effect of alternate life history strategies and nutritional state on the preferred temperature of overwintering juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Contrary to our prediction, there was no significant difference in final preferred temperature between juvenile Atlantic salmon that will migrate to sea the following spring (early migrants) and those that show reduced growth and delay migration for at least another year (delayed migrants). Both migrant groups preferentially selected relatively low temperatures (<10°C), likely owing to their low appetite and growth rates. Food deprivation resulted in a significant increase, rather than our predicted decrease, in the final preferred temperature of the juvenile Atlantic salmon of approximately 2°C. We suggest that this is due to the need for an increased foraging effort to offset the projected energy deficit later in the winter. The final preferred temperature of delayed migrants increased from winter to spring, as predicted, coincident with increases in natural food availability and endogenous seasonal increases in appetite and growth rates. We conclude that the preferred temperature of overwintering juvenile Atlantic salmon may be influenced by future energetic requirements rather than the current level of energy reserves.

Spatial distribution of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a subarctic river: size-specific changes in a strongly seasonal environment

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2329-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aki Mäki-Petäys ◽  
Jaakko Erkinaro ◽  
Eero Niemelä ◽  
Ari Huusko ◽  
Timo Muotka
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Seasonal Environment ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Boreal Streams ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Time Of Year

We examined seasonal variation in the spatial distribution and habitat preference of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a subarctic river characterized by near-zero water temperatures for 7–8 months a year. Size-specific differences in habitat use were pronounced in summer but disappeared at the onset of winter, when the habitats preferred by small (≤6 cm) and larger (7–17 cm) salmon overlapped heavily. Small salmon favoured low-velocity habitats during all seasons, and in summer and autumn they mainly occupied shallow microhabitats along stream margins. In winter and spring, small salmon preferred deeper habitats farther away from the shoreline. Larger salmon favoured deeper habitats in all seasons, but they only occupied slowly flowing areas at low water temperatures. Since all salmon size classes were closely associated with deep and low-velocity habitats in winter and spring, this time of year may represent a size-selective bottleneck for Atlantic salmon populations. Therefore, management schemes aiming to enhance salmonid habitats in boreal streams must rest on the knowledge of season- and size-specific habitat requirements of salmonid species.

scholarly journals Life-history genotype explains variation in migration activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petri T Niemela ◽  
Ines Klemme ◽  
Anssi Karvonen ◽  
Pekka Hyvarinen ◽  
Paul V Debes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Migration Activity ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Activity Measurements

One of the most important life-history continuums is the fast-slow axis, where fast individuals mature earlier than slow individuals. Fast individuals are predicted to be more active than slow individuals; high activity is required to maintain a fast life-history strategy. Recent meta-analyses revealed mixed evidence for such integration. Here, we test whether known life-history genotypes differ in activity expression by using Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as a model. In salmon, variation in Vgll3, a transcription co-factor, explains ~40% of variation in maturation timing. We predicted that the allele related to early maturation (vgll3*E) would be associated with increased activity. We used an automated surveillance system to follow ~1900 juveniles including both migrants and non-migrants (i.e. smolt and parr fish, respectively) in semi-natural conditions over 31 days (~580 000 activity measurements). Against our prediction, vgll3 did not explain variation in activity in pooled migrant and non-migrant data. However, in migrants, vgll3 explained variation in activity according to our prediction in a sex-dependent manner. Specifically, in females the vgll3*E allele was related to increasing activity, whereas in males the vgll3*L allele (later maturation allele) was related to increasing activity. These sex-dependent effects might be a mechanism maintaining within-population genetic life-history variation.

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