Genetic variation in carotenoid pigment deposition in the red-fleshed and white-fleshed chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of Quesnel River, British Columbia

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Withler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Carotenoid Pigments ◽  
Carotenoid Pigment ◽  
Flesh Colour ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Threshold Trait

Inheritance of the ability to deposit coloured dietary carotenoid pigments in muscle tissue was examined in 16 seapen-reared families of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Quesnel River, British Columbia. The progeny red:white ratio varied significantly among families in two sample periods but not between sample periods for individual families. There was no difference between the sexes in proportions of red and white individuals. Total carotenoid extraction of muscle tissue samples from 152 progeny revealed that white individuals contained less carotenoid per gram of tissue (0.24 ± 0.04 μg) than did red ones (3.37 ± 0.14 μg). Estimates of the heritability of flesh colour, when treated as a threshold trait, were 0.93 (sire component) and 0.71 (dam component). A genetic model that invokes two genetic loci, each with two alleles, was proposed to explain the inheritance of flesh colour in Quesnel River chinook salmon. At each locus, one copy of a "red-determining" allele is required for coloured carotenoid pigments to be deposited in muscle tissue. The anomalous red:white ratios among the progeny of one male parent could not be accounted for by tetrasomy or pseudolinkage in conjunction with the proposed model.Key words: Oncorhynchus, salmon, carotenoids, heritability.

A genetic polymorphism in hemoglobins of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1904-1910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unni E. H. Fyhn ◽  
Ruth E. Withler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Allelic Frequencies ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Β Chain

A genetic polymorphism with three phenotypes is described for the anodally migrating hemoglobins of adult chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) from British Columbia, Canada. A genetic model with the genotypes DD, DH, and HH is suggested, on the basis of Hardy–Weinberg genotypic frequencies, in samples of adult chinook salmon from three stocks, and on Mendelian genotypic frequencies among progeny of single-parent crosses. Allelic frequencies differed among stocks. The polymorphism may result from a dimorphism in one or both of the tentatively called β-chain loci, with allele D encoding a chain βFf and allele H encoding a chain βFs. The two β-loci may be individually regulated. The locus tentatively referred to as α is monomorphic, as are the minimum of three or four loci that encode the globins of the cathodal hemoglobins. The cathodal and anodal hemoglobins had no globins in common.

Analysis of straying variation in Alaskan hatchery chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) following transplantation

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J Hard ◽  
William R Heard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Substantial Variation

In 1976 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gametes from the Chickamin and Unuk rivers in southeastern Alaska were transplanted 250 km to establish hatchery runs at Little Port Walter (LPW), Baranof Island. From 1977 to 1989, 1 862 058 marked smolts from 12 broods were released from LPW. Homing and straying were estimated from adult recoveries at 25 locations in Alaska and British Columbia between 1981 and 1989. Of 22 198 LPW fish recovered over this period, 21 934 (98.8%) were collected at LPW. Of 264 fish recovered elsewhere, 38.3% were within 7 km of LPW; 64.4% were within 25 km of LPW. No LPW fish were recovered from the ancestral rivers, but nine fish were recovered from rivers supporting wild chinook salmon. Straying declined with distance from the release site but varied between hatcheries and streams. Straying declined with increasing age and run size. Straying was similar between the populations but varied among broods, and analysis of straying in experimental groups provided evidence for a heritable component. Males strayed more often than females. Population, gender, run size, and recovery age interacted to produce substantial variation in straying, indicating that run composition can produce complex straying responses.

scholarly journals Carotenoid pigmentation in salmon: variation in expression at BCO2-l locus controls a key fitness trait affecting red coloration

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1913) ◽  
pp. 20191588 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Lehnert ◽  
K. A. Christensen ◽  
W. E. Vandersteen ◽  
D. Sakhrani ◽  
T. E. Pitcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Flesh Colour ◽  
Hypomorphic Mutation ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Fitness Trait ◽  
Time Of Divergence

Carotenoids are primarily responsible for the characteristic red flesh coloration of salmon. Flesh coloration is an economically and evolutionarily significant trait that varies inter- and intra-specifically, yet the underlying genetic mechanism is unknown. Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) represents an ideal system to study carotenoid variation as, unlike other salmonids, they exhibit extreme differences in carotenoid utilization due to genetic polymorphisms. Here, we crossed populations of Chinook salmon with fixed differences in flesh coloration (red versus white) for a genome-wide association study to identify loci associated with pigmentation. Here, the beta-carotene oxygenase 2-like ( BCO2-l ) gene was significantly associated with flesh colour, with the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism explaining 66% of the variation in colour. BCO2 gene disruption is linked to carotenoid accumulation in other taxa, therefore we hypothesize that an ancestral mutation partially disrupting BCO2-l activity (i.e. hypomorphic mutation) allowed the deposition and accumulation of carotenoids within Salmonidae. Indeed, we found elevated transcript levels of BCO2-l in white Chinook salmon relative to red. The long-standing mystery of why salmon are red, while no other fishes are, is thus probably explained by a hypomorphic mutation in the proto-salmonid at the time of divergence of red-fleshed salmonid genera (approx. 30 Ma).

Individual variation in dispersal behaviour of newly emerged chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Bradford ◽  
G C Taylor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Stream Type ◽  
Downstream Movement

Immediately after emergence from spawning gravels, fry of stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations from tributaries of the upper Fraser River, British Columbia, distribute themselves downstream from the spawning areas, throughout the natal stream, and into the Fraser River. We tested the hypothesis that this range in dispersal distances is caused by innate differences in nocturnal migratory tendency among individuals. Using an experimental stream channel, we found repeatable differences in downstream movement behaviour among newly emerged chinook fry. Fish that moved downstream were larger than those that held position in the channel. However, the incidence of downstream movement behaviours decreased over the first 2 weeks after emergence. We propose that the variation among individuals in downstream movement behaviour we observed leads to the dispersal of newly emerged fry throughout all available rearing habitats. Thus, between- and within-population variation in the freshwater life history observed in these populations may be caused by small differences in the behaviour of individuals.

Modelling Pelagic Fish and Plankton Trophodynamics off Southwestern Vancouver Island, British Columbia

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1737-1751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford L. K. Robinson ◽  
Daniel M. Ware
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Squalus Acanthias ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Clupea Pallasi ◽  
Merluccius Productus ◽  
Arrival Timing

A trophodynamics model is used to estimate annual plankton and fish production for the southern British Columbia continental shelf during 1985–89. The model describes the feeding interactions among diatoms, copepods, euphausiids, juvenile and adult Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi), Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and is forced by empirical seasonal patterns in upwelling, sea surface temperature, and solar radiation. The most important simulation results are that (1) there is an imbalance between fish consumption and euphausiid production during the summer upwelling season, (2) the biomass and arrival timing of migratory hake significantly influence plankton and fish production, and (3) about 11% of the 332 g C∙m−2∙yr−1 annual diatom production is transferred to copepods and euphausiids and 1.0% of the diatom production to fish, while 27.5% of the 11.9 g C∙m−2∙yr−1 euphausiid production is consumed by herring and hake. The high plankton and fish production on the southern British Columbia shelf is comparable with other productive coastal upwelling regions.

A Record of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) Feeding on Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in a British Columbia Estuary

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1921-1921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ito ◽  
R. R. Parker
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

An occurrence of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) predation on juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is described. This is the first recorded incidence of this particular predator–prey relation.

Maternal Transfer of Organochlorine Compounds in Salmonines to Their Eggs

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1405-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Organochlorine Compound ◽  
Organochlorine Compounds ◽  
Maternal Transfer ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Total Concentrations

To investigate relationships between the concentrations of lipophilic organochlorine compounds in salmonine fish and their eggs and the role of lipids in maternal transfer of these compounds, muscle tissue and fertilized eggs from chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were analyzed using gas chromatography. The concentrations of organochlorine compounds in the muscle tissue of the gravid fish were significantly correlated with the concentration of these compounds in the eggs (P < 0.01). Egg lipid concentrations were species specific, poorly correlated with muscle tissue lipid concentration, and did not appear to influence organochlorine compound transfer to the eggs. Total concentrations of PCBs and p,p′-DDE concentrations in chinook salmon eggs and total concentrations of PCBs, p,p′-DDE, and dieldrin in lake trout eggs were significantly correlated with the concentrations of these compounds in the muscle tissue of the gravid fish. Consequently, spatial differences or temporal changes in the concentrations of lipophilic compounds in chinook salmon or lake trout may significantly influence the concentrations of these compounds in their eggs.

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