ACCLIMATIZATION TO COLD: IMMEDIATE ADRENAL RESPONSE AND SURVIVAL OF ACCLIMATIZED RATS EXPOSED TO MORE SEVERE COLD

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Molloy ◽  
Doris Nicholls ◽  
William Farrington ◽  
R. J. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
Better Than

Further observations are described on the measurement of the incorporation of inorganic phosphate labelled with P32 into the inorganic phosphate of the adrenal gland to assess the immediate pituitary–adrenal response when cold acclimatized and non-acclimatized rats are exposed to more severe cold (2 hours at −5 °C). In rats acclimatized to cold by conditioning to 3 °C for 4 weeks, this immediate pituitary–adrenal response was considerably less than that in non-acclimatized rats maintained at room temperature (22 °C). The reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response took 3 to 4 weeks to develop and persisted for 12 hours, but not for 4 days. Rats that were conditioned to −5 °C by exposures for 2 or 6 hours daily for 4 weeks showed no reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response to more severe cold, but there was a significant decrease in this response in rats conditioned for 6 hours daily for 8 weeks.Rats acclimatized to cold by conditioning to 3 °C for 4 weeks showed greater survival when exposed to an environmental temperature of −15 °C than rats conditioned to 22 °C. Rats that were conditioned to −5 °C for brief daily periods (2 hours or 6 hours) for 4 weeks or 8 weeks also survived exposure to severe cold (−22 °C) better than rats maintained at room temperature.In general, significant increases in adrenal weight were found in those cold-conditioned rats that showed a reduced pituitary–adrenal response. However, it is concluded that the development of increased survival on exposure to severe cold, by a process of conditioning to less severe cold, is not necessarily accompanied by a reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response to severe cold, or by an increase in weight of the adrenal glands.

ACCLIMATIZATION TO COLD: IMMEDIATE ADRENAL RESPONSE AND SURVIVAL OF ACCLIMATIZED RATS EXPOSED TO MORE SEVERE COLD

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 661-670
Author(s):  
Rosemary Molloy ◽  
Doris Nicholls ◽  
William Farrington ◽  
R. J. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
Better Than

Further observations are described on the measurement of the incorporation of inorganic phosphate labelled with P32 into the inorganic phosphate of the adrenal gland to assess the immediate pituitary–adrenal response when cold acclimatized and non-acclimatized rats are exposed to more severe cold (2 hours at −5 °C). In rats acclimatized to cold by conditioning to 3 °C for 4 weeks, this immediate pituitary–adrenal response was considerably less than that in non-acclimatized rats maintained at room temperature (22 °C). The reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response took 3 to 4 weeks to develop and persisted for 12 hours, but not for 4 days. Rats that were conditioned to −5 °C by exposures for 2 or 6 hours daily for 4 weeks showed no reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response to more severe cold, but there was a significant decrease in this response in rats conditioned for 6 hours daily for 8 weeks.Rats acclimatized to cold by conditioning to 3 °C for 4 weeks showed greater survival when exposed to an environmental temperature of −15 °C than rats conditioned to 22 °C. Rats that were conditioned to −5 °C for brief daily periods (2 hours or 6 hours) for 4 weeks or 8 weeks also survived exposure to severe cold (−22 °C) better than rats maintained at room temperature.In general, significant increases in adrenal weight were found in those cold-conditioned rats that showed a reduced pituitary–adrenal response. However, it is concluded that the development of increased survival on exposure to severe cold, by a process of conditioning to less severe cold, is not necessarily accompanied by a reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response to severe cold, or by an increase in weight of the adrenal glands.

Phosphorus Metabolism of the Adrenal Gland of the Rat

1956 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Nicholls ◽  
R. J. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
Phosphorus Metabolism ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
Prior Administration

Observations were made on the incorporation of inorganic phosphate labeled with P32 into the inorganic P, 20-minute hydrolyzable P and total acid-soluble P of the adrenal gland of rats either maintained at room temperature (22 ± 1°C) or conditioned to cold (3 ± 1°C). In confirmation of previous findings, there was an increase in the incorporation of inorganic P32 into the acid-soluble P of the adrenal of the rats maintained in the cold. Exposure to more severe cold (–5°C) for 2 hours, caused a great increase in the incorporation of inorganic P32 into the acid-soluble P of the adrenal of the nonacclimatized rats, compared to a slight, and statistically insignificant, increase in the acclimatized animals. The adrenal response to cold in the nonacclimatized rats was greatly decreased by the prior administration of cortisone.

EFFECTS OF THE THYROID STATE, SEASON AND CASTRATION ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN MALE RABBITS

1954 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MAQSOOD
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Young Male ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Thyroid State ◽  
Male Rabbit ◽  
High Environmental Temperature ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY The influence of the thyroid state, season and castration on the weight of the adrenals of the young male rabbit at different ages has been studied. Administration of thyroxine in doses about 30–50% above the estimated rate of secretion of thyroxine for a period of 4 weeks resulted in a significant increase in the weight of the adrenals, while treatment with thiouracil caused a significant decrease in adrenal weight. Thyroxine, when injected in doses below or about equal to the estimated rate of thyroxine secretion, did not affect the weight of the adrenals. On the other hand, prolonged mild hyperthyroidism resulted in an insignificant decrease in the weight of the adrenals. The weights of the adrenals in experimental and control animals during the summer months were significantly lower than those obtained in the winter. This was probably due to a decrease in the rate of secretion of thyroxine which occurred presumably as a result of high environmental temperature during the summer. Castration did not affect the weight of the adrenals of 8-week-old male rabbits after a period of 4 weeks, but resulted in a significant increase in the weight of the adrenals after a period of 24 weeks. The possible existence of an interrelationship between the thyroid, adrenals and gonads is discussed.

PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE RAT: EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT FOR EIGHT DAYS ON THE AMOUNTS AND P32-LABELLING OF PHOSPHOLIPID AND RIBONUCLEIC ACID

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 543-553
Author(s):  
Doris Nicholls ◽  
F. C. Heagy ◽  
R. J. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Phosphorus Metabolism ◽  
Desoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Inorganic P

The incorporation of inorganic phosphate labelled with P32 into the lipid P and ribonucleotide P of the adrenal glands of rats exposed to cold (3 ± 1 °C.) for eight days was measured 16 hr. after the P32 injection. In the cold-exposed animals, there was a decrease in the specific activity of both the lipid P and the ribonucleotide P and also a decrease in the specific activity of the lipid P and the ribonucleotide P relative to that of the inorganic P of the adrenal. The cold exposure caused an increase in the amounts of lipid P, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) per pair of adrenals. There was an increase in the ratio lipid P: DNA-P, but no change in the ratio RNA-P: DNA-P. Calculation showed that the cold exposure caused a decrease in the percentage renewal rate of both lipid P and ribonucleotide P, most of which could be attributed to the increased amounts of lipid P and ribonucleotide P present at the beginning of the isotope experiment. However, when allowance for this was made by calculating the renewal rates of the P of the phospholipid and RNA per pair of adrenals, the values remained slightly less in the cold-exposed animals.

PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE RAT: EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT FOR EIGHT DAYS ON THE AMOUNTS AND P32-LABELLING OF PHOSPHOLIPID AND RIBONUCLEIC ACID

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Nicholls ◽  
F. C. Heagy ◽  
R. J. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Phosphorus Metabolism ◽  
Desoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Inorganic P

The incorporation of inorganic phosphate labelled with P32 into the lipid P and ribonucleotide P of the adrenal glands of rats exposed to cold (3 ± 1 °C.) for eight days was measured 16 hr. after the P32 injection. In the cold-exposed animals, there was a decrease in the specific activity of both the lipid P and the ribonucleotide P and also a decrease in the specific activity of the lipid P and the ribonucleotide P relative to that of the inorganic P of the adrenal. The cold exposure caused an increase in the amounts of lipid P, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) per pair of adrenals. There was an increase in the ratio lipid P: DNA-P, but no change in the ratio RNA-P: DNA-P. Calculation showed that the cold exposure caused a decrease in the percentage renewal rate of both lipid P and ribonucleotide P, most of which could be attributed to the increased amounts of lipid P and ribonucleotide P present at the beginning of the isotope experiment. However, when allowance for this was made by calculating the renewal rates of the P of the phospholipid and RNA per pair of adrenals, the values remained slightly less in the cold-exposed animals.

EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS AND HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON CORTICOID PRODUCTION IN VITRO AND ON ADRENAL WEIGHT IN RATS

1961 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. de Wied
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Left Adrenal Gland ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intact Rats

ABSTRACT Intact, sham-operated, hypophysectomized rats and rats bearing extensive lesions in the median eminence were stressed by ether anaesthesia. The pituitary-adrenal response to the stress was determined on the in vitro steroidogenesis by adrenal gland slices of the left gland and on adrenal weight changes in the left and right gland. The absence of compensatory adrenal hypertrophy which normally occurs following the removal of the left gland, was used as an index of the inhibition of the secretion of ACTH (corticotrophin) from the adenohypophysis in the lesioned rats. Following ether stress, corticoid production in vitro of the left adrenal gland rose considerably in intact rats. Adrenal response to stress of sham-operated animals was almost similar to that of intact rats at 4, 66 and 162 hours but significantly depressed at 18 hours following operation. Hypophysectomized and lesioned rats, however, failed to exhibit an increased steroidogenesis in vitro following ether stress at the four time intervals studied. Pitressin markedly stimulated corticoidogenesis of adrenals of lesioned rats at 18. 66 and 162 hours following the production of lesions. The weight of the left adrenal gland of lesioned and hypophysectomized rats decreased gradually during the period studied; that of the latter group decreased at a faster rate. Adrenal hypertrophy, usually observed some time after placement of a lesion, did not occur in the lesioned rats of the present experiments. Weight increase of the right adrenal removed one week following extirpation of the left gland, was similar in intact and sham-operated rats, whereas this compensatory adrenal hypertrophy was absent in hypophys-ectomized as well as in lesioned animals.

Protective Effect of Hypericum perforatum L. Extract on Hexavalent Chromium Induced Toxicity in Rat Adrenal Gland

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 2014-2017
Author(s):  
Jelena Savici ◽  
Oana Maria Boldura ◽  
Cornel Balta ◽  
Diana Brezovan ◽  
Florin Muselin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Apoptotic Pathway ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum L ◽  
Induction Of Apoptosis

This study was carried out to test the possibility of hexavalent chromium administration through drinking water to induce the structural damage in rat�s adrenal glands and the possibility of Hypericum perforatum extract to faith against chromium aggression. Chromium induced cellular stress was determined by the expression level assessment of the Bcl2 genes family, known to modulate the apoptotic pathway. Obtained results showed that exposure to chromium altered adrenal glands morphology, by induction of apoptosis. When Hypericum perforatum extract was administered expression level of Bcl2 genes and histological lesions in adrenal glands were significantly reduced.

scholarly journals Novel technology for storage and distribution of live vaccines and other biological medicines at ambient temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. eaau4819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irnela Bajrovic ◽  
Stephen C. Schafer ◽  
Dwight K. Romanovicz ◽  
Maria A. Croyle
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Recombinant Adenovirus ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
Global Access ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Better Than

A novel, thin-film platform that preserves live viruses, bacteria, antibodies, and enzymes without refrigeration for extended periods of time is described. Studies with recombinant adenovirus in an optimized formulation that supports recovery of live virus through 16 freeze-thaw cycles revealed that production of an amorphous solid with a glass transition above room temperature and nitrogen-hydrogen bonding between virus and film components are critical determinants of stability. Administration of live influenza virus in the optimized film by the sublingual and buccal routes induced antibody-mediated immune responses as good as or better than those achieved by intramuscular injection. This work introduces the possibility of improving global access to a variety of medicines by offering a technology capable of reducing costs of production, distribution, and supply chain maintenance.

EFFECT OF AN ANABOLIC STEROID (METHANDIENONE) ON PITUITARY-ADRENAL FUNCTION IN THE HUMAN

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. WYNN ◽  
J. LANDON ◽  
V. H. T. JAMES
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Anabolic Steroid ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Endocrine Diseases ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
Urinary Steroid ◽  
Marked Suppression

SUMMARY The effect of methandienone administration on urinary steroid excretion has been studied in subjects with normal pituitary-adrenal function and in patients with various endocrine diseases. In the control subjects, a marked suppression of urinary 17-KS and 17-OHCS excretion occurred, which persisted throughout even prolonged periods of methandienone administration. Upon cessation of methandienone treatment a prompt rise in urinary steroid excretion occurred, on occasions to levels slightly higher than those seen before treatment. Similar results were obtained in subjects with acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome, but in patients with anorexia nervosa and a low basal steroid excretion, the suppressive effect of methandienone was less marked. During treatment with methandienone, pituitary response to metopirone was depressed, but adrenal response to corticotrophin was unaltered. It was concluded that methandienone diminishes the rate of production of adrenocortical steroid by inhibiting corticotrophin production or release. Unlike the inhibition observed during treatment with glucocorticoids, it was not associated with atrophy of the adrenal glands.

UTILIZATION OF [26-14C]CHOLESTEROL BY HUMAN FOETAL ADRENAL GLANDS IN VITRO

1978 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. GUNASEGARAM ◽  
K. L. PEH ◽  
P. C. T. CHEW ◽  
S. M. M. KARIM ◽  
S. S. RATNAM
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynaecology ◽  
Perfusion Studies

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Singapore, Kandang Kerbau Hospitalfor Women, Singapore 8, Republic of Singapore (Received 3 May 1978) From the previous studies of Bloch & Benirschke (1959, 1962) and Plotz, Kabara, Davis, LeRoy & Gould (1968) it appears that at mid-term, human foetal adrenal glands are capable of synthesizing C21- and C19-steroids de novo from acetate and cholesterol. Villee, Engel, Loring & Villee (1961), however, incubated slices and homogenates of foetal adrenal gland with [2-14C]acetate or [4-14C]cholesterol and could not demonstrate the incorporation of radioactivity into these steroids. Moreover, perfusion studies by three groups of investigators indicated only minute conversions of the same radioactive substrates into neutral steroids in the foetal adrenal glands (Solomon, Bird, Ling, Iwamiya & Young, 1967; Telegdy, Weeks, Archer, Wiqvist & Diczfalusy, 1970a; Telegdy, Weeks, Lerner, Stakemann & Diczfalusy, 1970b). It is widely believed that steroid hormones are normally synthesized from acetate via

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