scholarly journals Novel technology for storage and distribution of live vaccines and other biological medicines at ambient temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. eaau4819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irnela Bajrovic ◽  
Stephen C. Schafer ◽  
Dwight K. Romanovicz ◽  
Maria A. Croyle
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Recombinant Adenovirus ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
Global Access ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Better Than

A novel, thin-film platform that preserves live viruses, bacteria, antibodies, and enzymes without refrigeration for extended periods of time is described. Studies with recombinant adenovirus in an optimized formulation that supports recovery of live virus through 16 freeze-thaw cycles revealed that production of an amorphous solid with a glass transition above room temperature and nitrogen-hydrogen bonding between virus and film components are critical determinants of stability. Administration of live influenza virus in the optimized film by the sublingual and buccal routes induced antibody-mediated immune responses as good as or better than those achieved by intramuscular injection. This work introduces the possibility of improving global access to a variety of medicines by offering a technology capable of reducing costs of production, distribution, and supply chain maintenance.

Room Temperature Band-Edge Luminescence from Silicon Grains Prepared by the Recrystallization of Mesoporous Silicon

1996 ◽  
Vol 452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Moore ◽  
Leonid Tsybeskov ◽  
Philippe M. Fauchet ◽  
Dennis G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Band Edge ◽  
Applied Bias ◽  
Mesoporous Silicon ◽  
Room Temperature Photoluminescence ◽  
Band Edge Luminescence ◽  
A Current ◽  
Better Than

AbstractRoom-temperature photoluminescence (PL) peaking at 1.1 eV has been found in electrochemically etched mesoporous silicon annealed at 950°C. Low-temperature PL spectra clearly show a fine structure related to phonon-assisted transitions in pure crystalline silicon (c-Si) and the absence of defect-related (e.g.P-line) and impurity-related (e.g.oxygen, boron) transitions. The maximum PL external quantum efficiency (EQE) is found to be better than 0.1% with a weak temperature dependence in the region from 12K to 400K. The PL intensity is a linear function of excitation intensity up to 100 W/cm2. The PL can be suppressed by an external electric field ≥ 105 V/cm. Room temperature electroluminescence (EL) related to the c-Si band-edge is also demonstrated under an applied bias ≤ 1.2 V and with a current density ≈ 20 mA/cm2. A model is proposed in which the radiative recombination originates from recrystallized Si grains within a non-stoichiometric Si-rich silicon oxide (SRSO) matrix.

Newly Developed Heat Resistant Magnesium Alloy by Thixomolding®

2005 ◽  
Vol 488-489 ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadayoshi Tsukeda ◽  
Ken Saito ◽  
Mayumi Suzuki ◽  
Junichi Koike ◽  
Kouichi Maruyama
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Magnesium Alloy ◽  
Magnesium Alloys ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Die Casting ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heat Resistant ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Better Than

We compared the newly developed heat resistant magnesium alloy with conventional ones by Thixomolding® and aluminum alloy by die casting. Tensile properties at elevated temperatures of AXEJ6310 were equal to those of ADC12. In particular, elongation tendency of AXEJ6310 at higher temperature was better than those of the other alloys. Creep resistance of AXEJ6310 was larger than that of AE42 by almost 3 orders and smaller than that of ADC12 by almost 2 orders of magnitude. Fatigue limits at room temperature and 423K of AXEJ6310 was superior among conventional magnesium alloys.

Modeling of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Creep of Polycarbonate

e-Polymers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbo Luo ◽  
Said Jazouli ◽  
Toan Vu-Khanh
Keyword(s):  
Creep Behavior ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Multiple Integral ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Viscoelastic Creep ◽  
Commercial Grade ◽  
Nonlinear Viscoelastic ◽  
Schapery Model ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThe creep behavior of a commercial grade polycarbonate was investigated in this study. 10 different constant stresses ranging from 8 MPa to 50 MPa were applied to the specimen, and the resultant creep strains were measured at room temperature. It was found that the creep could be modeled linearly below 15 MPa, and nonlinearly above 15 MPa. Different nonlinear viscoelastic models have been briefly reviewed and used to fit the test data. It is shown that the Findley model is a special case of the Schapery model, and both the Findley model and the simplified multiple integral representation are suitable for properly describing the creep behavior of the polycarbonate investigated in this paper; however, the Findley model fit the data better than the simplified multiple integral with three terms.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Penyimpanan Spermatozoa Ayam Pada Suhu 5⁰C, 26⁰C Dengan Pengencer Infuse NaCl, Glukosa 5% dan 10%

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Asnawi Asnawi ◽  
Maskur Maskur ◽  
Adji Santoso Dradjat
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature Storage ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Temperature Storage

The purpose of this study were to compare the quality of spermatozoa stored at 26⁰C, 5⁰C using diluents of NaCl, 10% glucose and 5% glucose. The spermatozoa of a rooster was collected and divided into 6 parts, each 2 tubes diluted in a ratio of 1:1 using NaCl, Glucose5% and Glucose 10%, then each 3 tubes with different diluents were stored at 26⁰C and 5⁰C. Observations of motility, viability and abnormalities of spermatozoa were carried out half an hour, 1 hour after dilution, followed every 2 hours until the ninth hours. The results showed that spermatozoa stored for 9 hours at a temperature of 26⁰C with a physiological diluent of NaCl, 10% Glucose and 5% Glucose each were different (P, < 0.05) with motility 50 ± 0.0%, 42 ± 10.95. % and 34±8.94%, respectively. At storage temperature of 5⁰C for 9 hours, physiological NaCl, 10% glucose and 5% glucose were significantly different (P<0.05) with motility 58.00±10.95%, 46.00±8.94% and 38.00±, respectively. 10.95% in a row. The viability of spermatozoa at 26⁰C storage with 5% glucose diluent was better than 10% glucose and physiological NaCl (P<0.05), 58.93±1.27%, 42.93±1.48% and 33.43±1.27% , while the physiological NaCl diluent and 10% glucose were not significantly different (P>0.05). At 5⁰C storage the viability of spermatozoa in the three diluents was not significantly different, with values of Glucose 10%, Glucose 5% and physiological NaCl 52.57±5.15%, 52.21±5.02% and 48.14±8.09%, respectively. Spermatozoa abnormalities at storage temperature 26⁰C and 5⁰C for 9 hours using physiological NaCl diluent, 5% glucose and 10% glucose, were not significantly different and varied between 5 to 10%. Finally, it can be concluded that at room temperature storage less than 4 hours the quality of spermatozoa was better with 5% glucose diluent, while for cold storage beyond 4 hours the quality of spermatozoa with NaCl diluent was higher

scholarly journals Production of Nigerian Yoghurt Using Lactic Acid Bacteria as Starter Cultures

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
S. Aforijiku ◽  
S. M. Wakil ◽  
A. A. Onilude
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Spontaneous Fermentation ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Fermentation Control ◽  
Better Than

Aim: This work was carried out to investigate the influence of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) on organoleptic quality and proximate composition of yoghurt, and viability of starter cultures in yoghurt. Methods: The LAB starter cultures were selected based on their ability to produce diacetyl and lactic acid. Results: Lactobacillus caseiN1 produced the highest quantity (2.72 g/L) of diacetyl at 48 hrs of incubation while Pediococcus acidilacticiG1 had the lowest amount (0.50 g/L). The pH of produced yoghurt ranged between 4.40 and 5.58 while the corresponding lactic acid contents ranged between 0.70 and 0.96 g/L. Yoghurt produced with cow milk inoculated with L. PlantarumN24 and L. BrevisN10 had the lowest pH (4.40) at significant level of P≤0.05. Yoghurt with mixed culture of L. PlantarumN24 and L. PlantarumN17 had the highest protein content (5.13%) while spontaneous fermentation (control) produced the least (0.48%). Yoghurt produced from cow milk inoculated with L. PlantarumN24 and L. PlantarumN17 was rated best with overall acceptability (9.0) during first day of storage while the commercial yoghurt (5.8) and spontaneous fermentation (6.8) had least overall acceptability at P≤0.05. Conclusion: Yoghurt samples stored in refrigerator had more viable LAB counts for a period of 21 days while the samples stored at room temperature had a day count except for yoghurt produced with cow milk inoculated with L. plantarumN24 which retained its viability at the second day. The yoghurt produced with selected LAB starters are better than commercial yoghurt in terms of sensory properties, proximate composition, pH and viability.

Poliovirus vaccination: current understanding of poliovirus interactions in humans and implications for the eradication of poliomyelitis

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. Minor
Keyword(s):  
Informed Choice ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Type Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
The World ◽  
Strain Virus

Poliomyelitis is a paralytic disease of the motor neurones of the central nervous system, which is caused by poliovirus. The virus is transmitted by the faecal–oral route, and if virus replication is confined to the gut, it is harmless. Poliomyelitis is an ancient human disease, but was rare until the beginning of the 20th century, when children began to be exposed to the virus at older ages and were, therefore, no longer protected by maternal antibody, which had already been lost. Inactivated polio vaccines are increasingly being used in those countries in which poliomyelitis has been brought under control; however, live vaccines are still the most widely used types and the World Health Organization (WHO) have set the goal of using such vaccines to eliminate the wild-type virus throughout the world by the year 2000. Substantial progress has been made to this end; however, the strains of poliovirus that are used as vaccines are able to adapt rapidly to the human gut, losing their attenuated (weakened) character within a few weeks. Currently, there is urgent debate about the best method of stopping vaccination against poliomyelitis once the wild-type poliovirus has been eliminated completely, so that the vaccine-strain virus will also be eliminated. Proposed strategies include the abrupt cessation of vaccination with the live virus worldwide, followed by the optional use of inactivated vaccines for an appropriate period. Further information about both the epidemiology and the pathogenesis of the disease is required before an informed choice can be made. The topics covered in this article include a brief history of studies of the disease, its pathogenesis and its control by vaccination, the molecular biology of the live vaccines, which have been extremely successful in controlling poliomyelitis so far, and the concerns that are raised as the eradication of the wild-type virus approaches.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE THAT SERUM EXERTS UPON TRYPANOSOMES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS USE FOR EXPERIMENTS IN VITRO WITH ATOXYL AND PARAMINO-PHENYLARSENOXYD

1915 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Undiluted Serum ◽  
Cattle Serum ◽  
Better Than

1. Serum of various animals preserves the motility of nagana trypanosomes better and longer than salt solution. 2. To act best in this way the serum should not be diluted more than 2 to 4 times. Undiluted serum is perhaps best. 3. Serum filtered through a Berkefeld filter, bottled aseptically, and kept in the ice box preserves this activating property apparently undiminished for many months. 4. Serum preserves the motility of trypanosomes better than "Sals physiologicum" of Merck, and better than the Ringer solutions of Meltzer and Carrel. 5. Serum preserves the normal morphology of trypanosomes better than the Ringer solutions tested. 6. The infectiousness of trypanosomes suspended in cattle serum was preserved at room temperature for at least 8 days. 7. The vitality of the trypanosomes in serum was seemingly better preserved at room temperature than at ice box temperature. 8. Serum incubated with atoxyl does not transform it into a toxic substance. 9. Serum does not bind paraminophenylarsenoxyd, for trypanosomes suspended in serum are often immobilized more quickly by paraminophenylarsenoxyd than trypanosomes suspended in salt solution. 10. Serum is suitable for suspending trypanosomes for certain experiments in vitro, and with proper precautions may be employed for transporting virus from laboratory to laboratory.

Effect of Various Curing Agents On the Chemical Stability of Epoxy Resins

CORROSION ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 11t-20t ◽  
Author(s):  
RONALD L. DeHOFF
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Corrosion Prevention ◽  
Curing Agents ◽  
Outdoor Weathering ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The epoxy resins most widely used in corrosion prevention are liquids of low molecular weight which can be converted to hard, tough, chemically resistant polymers by the use of various curing agents. Unlike other thermosetting resins such as polyesters, the curing agents may produce chemical linkages in the final polymers that differ from those present in the uncured form. Hence, the properties of cured epoxy resins are likely dependent upon, and may even reflect the properties of the curing agent used. Some seven different epoxy resin systems were exposed to various chemical environments and evaluatd for changes in dimensional stability and flexural strengths over a six month period. From the data presented herein, only limited conclusions may be drawn. Heat cured systems fare better than room temperature cured systems in every case. Anhydride cured epoxy resins show greater resistance to outdoor weathering than amine cured systems. 5.4.5, 6.6.8

Microwave Sintering of Si3N4 Ceramics

1992 ◽  
Vol 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinsong Zhang ◽  
Lihua Cao ◽  
Fei Xia
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Microwave Sintering ◽  
Pressureless Sintering ◽  
Transformation Rate ◽  
Sintering Time ◽  
Si3n4 Ceramics ◽  
Room Temperature Strength ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTThe Si3N4 ceramics(91wt%Si3N4+5wt%Y2O3+4wt%Al2O3) of room temperature strength 620--760 MPa and fracture toughness 7 MPa-m½ were prepared by microwave sintering and their microstructure and mechanical properties were studied.The experiment results show that the higher N2 pressure (>4atm) is very necessary for microwave sintering of Si3N4 ceramics; microwave sintering can greatly decrease the sintering temperature to 1500* C, and increase the transformation rate of α to β-Si3N4,and reduce the total sintering time to about 1 hour. The mechanical properties of the Si3N4 ceramics sintered by microwave are better than that by conventional pressureless sintering.

ACCLIMATIZATION TO COLD: IMMEDIATE ADRENAL RESPONSE AND SURVIVAL OF ACCLIMATIZED RATS EXPOSED TO MORE SEVERE COLD

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Molloy ◽  
Doris Nicholls ◽  
William Farrington ◽  
R. J. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
Better Than

Further observations are described on the measurement of the incorporation of inorganic phosphate labelled with P32 into the inorganic phosphate of the adrenal gland to assess the immediate pituitary–adrenal response when cold acclimatized and non-acclimatized rats are exposed to more severe cold (2 hours at −5 °C). In rats acclimatized to cold by conditioning to 3 °C for 4 weeks, this immediate pituitary–adrenal response was considerably less than that in non-acclimatized rats maintained at room temperature (22 °C). The reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response took 3 to 4 weeks to develop and persisted for 12 hours, but not for 4 days. Rats that were conditioned to −5 °C by exposures for 2 or 6 hours daily for 4 weeks showed no reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response to more severe cold, but there was a significant decrease in this response in rats conditioned for 6 hours daily for 8 weeks.Rats acclimatized to cold by conditioning to 3 °C for 4 weeks showed greater survival when exposed to an environmental temperature of −15 °C than rats conditioned to 22 °C. Rats that were conditioned to −5 °C for brief daily periods (2 hours or 6 hours) for 4 weeks or 8 weeks also survived exposure to severe cold (−22 °C) better than rats maintained at room temperature.In general, significant increases in adrenal weight were found in those cold-conditioned rats that showed a reduced pituitary–adrenal response. However, it is concluded that the development of increased survival on exposure to severe cold, by a process of conditioning to less severe cold, is not necessarily accompanied by a reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response to severe cold, or by an increase in weight of the adrenal glands.

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