Research Progress on Leucine-Rich Alpha-2 Glycoprotein 1: A Review

Leucine-rich alpha⁃2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is an important member of the leucine-rich repetitive sequence protein family. LRG1 was mainly involved in normal physiological activities of the nervous system, such as synapse formation, synapse growth, the development of nerve processes, neurotransmitter transfer and release, and cell adhesion molecules or ligand-binding proteins. Also, LRG1 affected the development of respiratory diseases, hematological diseases, endocrine diseases, tumor diseases, eye diseases, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic immune diseases, infectious diseases, etc. LRG1 was a newly discovered important upstream signaling molecule of transforming growth factor⁃β (TGF⁃β) that affected various pathological processes through the TGF⁃β signaling pathway. However, research on LRG1 and its involvement in the occurrence and development of diseases was still in its infancy and the current studies were mainly focused on proteomic detection and basic animal experimental reports. We could reasonably predict that LRG1 might act as a new direction and strategy for the treatment of many diseases.

Prevalence of endocrine pathology in childhood and adolescence

All over the world, the endocrine system diseases in children attract the attention of researchers of various specialties, since this pathology is characterized by the duration of the course and subsequent often developing complications that worsen the quality of life and the prognosis of the health status of children and adolescents. The prevalence and structure of endocrine pathology in childhood and adolescence differ significantly from those in adults. Due to the fact that children make up a significant share in the structure of medical care requests for osteopathy in medical institutions, osteopathic doctors need to know the basics of diagnosis and prevention of endocrine diseases in children and adolescents. The peculiarity of endocrine diseases with onset in childhood is the beginning of their development against the background of physiologically significant for the development of the body processes of growth and sexual development, which determines the need for a multidisciplinary clinical approach to differential diagnosis between the endocrine pathology and the constitutional features of physical and sexual development of a healthy child.

Psycho-emotional state and cognitive functioning in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Many researchers note the “neurotization” of patients with endocrine diseases, formation of psycho-emotional disorders and cognitive impairment. Prevalence of mental disorders and maladaptive forms of response to the disease reaches 70—100 % among these patients. Mental disorders and negative psychological factors complicate the course of the disease, restorative and rehabilitation processes. And it is also one of the main causes of patient’s temporary and complete disability. The data from clinical and psychopathological research indicate the presence of emotional and cognitive disorders in examined patients. Emotional disturbances are represented by anxious, depressive, astheno- hypochondriac, hysteroform variants of psychopathological symptoms. Based on the data obtained during this study, a comprehensive program of psychotherapeutic and medical psychological support for patients with type 2 diabetes has been developed.

Congenital endocrine diseases & OSAHS

La dyshormonogenèse thyroïdienne (par bloc complet de l’organification) et le syndrome de Laurence Moon Biedl Bardet (SLMBB) sont 2 endocrinopathies congénitales handicapantes, à transmission autosomique récessive, rarement associées. Leur concomitance aggrave l’impact sur les développements mental et pubertaire. Cette association morbide accentue l’obésité préexistante qui favorise et précipite la survenue d’un Syndrome d’Apnées Hypopnées Obstructives du Sommeil (SAHOS) et d’autres comorbidités. Les troubles respiratoires qui en découlent, détériorent la qualité de vie et impactent le pronostic ultérieur, à moyen et long terme.

Causes of Death during the First COVID-19 Pandemic Wave in Italy: A Comparison with Some European Countries

Studies comparing cause-of-death patterns across countries during the COVID-19 outbreak are still lacking although such studies would contribute to the understanding of the direct and indirect effect of the virus on mortality. In this report, we compare the mortality pattern observed in Italy during the first pandemic wave (March–April 2020) with that of some European countries. We calculated cause-specific, age-standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for Spain, England, and Sweden for the two mentioned months from 2016 to 2020, using already published data. Although Italy presented the highest crude overall mortality rate (267 per 100,000 population), age-adjusted ratios showed that all-cause and COVID-19 mortality in Italy were higher than in Sweden but lower than in the other two countries. Some causes had a similar increase in 2020 compared to previous years in all countries, i.e., endocrine diseases (especially diabetes), dementia and Alzheimer’s (in general mental disorders), and hypertensive heart diseases. Conversely, respiratory diseases, in particular pneumonia and influenza, increased to a greater extent in Italy. This latter result could be, in part, related to the underreporting of COVID-19 on death certificates during the first period of the pandemic, when Italy was the first European country severely hit by the virus.

A CASE OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

Первичный гиперпаратиреоз - одно из распространенных, но трудно диагностируемых в реальной клинической практике эндокринных заболеваний у взрослых. Актуальность данной публикации определяется высокой частотой заболевания у лиц старше 40 лет. Риск его возникновения у людей 40-50 лет достигает 2%. Имеются все основания считать, что данный показатель с течением времени будет увеличиваться, поскольку согласно прогнозам отдела народонаселения Организации Объединённых Наций от 2001г. удельный вес пожилых людей к 2050г. в мире достигнет 21% в сравнении с 10% в 2000г. Особенно подвержены первичному гиперпаратиреозу женщины менопаузального возраста, у которых заболевание встречается с частотой 1:500. В большинстве случаев первичный гиперпаратиреоз возникает вследствие солитарной доброкачественной аденомы паращитовидных желез. В данной статье представлен случай аденомы паращитовидной железы с развитием гиперкальциемического криза у женщины в возрасте 49 лет, выбор дальнейшей тактики ведения - консервативное или оперативное лечение, а также рекомендации по наблюдению в динамике. Приведенный случай будет интересен специалистам как терапевтического, так и хирургического профиля. Primary hyperparathyroidism is one of the common but difficult to diagnose endocrine diseases in adults in real clinical practice. The relevance of this publication is determined by the high incidence of the disease in persons over 40 years of age. The risk of its occurrence in people 40-50 years old reaches 2%. There is every reason to believe that this figure will increase over time, since according to the projections of the UN Population Division for 2001, the proportion of elderly people in the world will reach 21% by 2050, compared with 10% in 2000. Menopausal women are especially susceptible to primary hyperparathyroidism which the disease occurs with a frequency of 1: 500. In most cases, primary hyperparathyroidism occurs due to solitary benign adenoma of the parathyroid glands. This article presents a case of parathyroid adenoma with the development of a hypercalcemic crisis in a woman aged 49 years, the choice of further management tactics - conservative or surgical treatment, as well as recommendations for monitoring over time. The given case will be of interest to specialists of both therapeutic and surgical profile.