LIPID–PROTEIN COMPLEXES IN MEMBRANES OF NERVOUS TISSUE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1261-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Schwann Cell ◽  
Myelin Sheath ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Functional Importance ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid

Recent investigations have demonstrated that cellular and intracellular membranes within the nervous system contain complex associations of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The myelin sheath contains such complexes derived from the Schwann cell or satellite cell membranes. Similar complexes are found in membranes from grey matter together with less familiar associations between lipids and carbohydrates. Gangliosides are a group of acidic glycolipids which contain among other sugars the sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid. The present state of knowledge on the chemical structure, metabolism, and functional importance of these complex macromolecules is discussed.

LIPID–PROTEIN COMPLEXES IN MEMBRANES OF NERVOUS TISSUE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1261-1271
Author(s):  
L. S. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Schwann Cell ◽  
Myelin Sheath ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Functional Importance ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid

Recent investigations have demonstrated that cellular and intracellular membranes within the nervous system contain complex associations of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The myelin sheath contains such complexes derived from the Schwann cell or satellite cell membranes. Similar complexes are found in membranes from grey matter together with less familiar associations between lipids and carbohydrates. Gangliosides are a group of acidic glycolipids which contain among other sugars the sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid. The present state of knowledge on the chemical structure, metabolism, and functional importance of these complex macromolecules is discussed.

scholarly journals The fate of orally administered sialic acid: First insights from patients with N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase deficiency and control subjects

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 100777
Author(s):  
Christel Tran ◽  
Licia Turolla ◽  
Diana Ballhausen ◽  
Sandrine Cornaz Buros ◽  
Tony Teav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
And Control

Neurofilament phosphorylation

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 575-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish C. Pant ◽  
Veeranna
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Neurofilament Proteins ◽  
Neurofilament Phosphorylation ◽  
Axonal Compartment

Neurofilament proteins (NFPs) are highly phosphorylated molecules in the axonal compartment of the adult nervous system. The phosphorylation of NFP is considered an important determinant of filament caliber, plasticity, and stability. This process reflects the function of NFs during the lifetime of a neuron from differentiation in the embryo through long-term activity in the adult until aging and environmental insult leads to pathology and ultimately death. NF function is modulated by phosphorylation–dephosphorylation in each of these diverse neuronal states. In this review, we have summarized some of these properties of NFP in adult nervous tissue, mostly from work in our own laboratory. Identification of sites phosphorylated in vivo in high molecular weight NFP (NF-H) and properties of NF-associated and neural-specific kinases phosphorylating specific sites in NFP are described. A model to explain the role of NF phosphorylation in determining filament caliber, plasticity, and stability is proposed.Key words: neurofilament proteins, phosphorylation, kinases, phosphatases, regulators, inhibitors, multimesic complex, domains.

scholarly journals N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 815
Author(s):  
Cindy M. Spruit ◽  
Nikoloz Nemanichvili ◽  
Masatoshi Okamatsu ◽  
Hiromu Takematsu ◽  
Geert-Jan Boons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Sialic Acid Content ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid

The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)-/- knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.

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