FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FISH FLOUR: III. FURTHER STUDIES ON AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1589-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Flour Sample

Weight gains of male weanling rats given fish flour sample X were significantly increased by addition to the diet of methionine, histidine, threonine, and tryptophan. When histidine or methionine were omitted from the amino acid mixture, weight gains were similar to those found with the unsupplemented flour, and the combination of methionine and histidine was as effective as the four amino acids. Supplements of histidine and methionine had no effect on weight gains of rats given fish flour sample CFF, which was of high nutritional value. Sample X contained methionine in an amount similar to that of sample CFF, and somewhat less histidine. The amounts of methionine and histidine released during in vitro digestion with pancreatin were much less for sample X than for sample CFF. Steaming sample X for 30 minutes significantly increased its gross protein value determined in a methionine-deficient diet, but had no effect on the total or organic chloride content. It was concluded that sample X contained unavailable methionine and histidine.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FISH FLOUR: III. FURTHER STUDIES ON AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1589-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Flour Sample

Weight gains of male weanling rats given fish flour sample X were significantly increased by addition to the diet of methionine, histidine, threonine, and tryptophan. When histidine or methionine were omitted from the amino acid mixture, weight gains were similar to those found with the unsupplemented flour, and the combination of methionine and histidine was as effective as the four amino acids. Supplements of histidine and methionine had no effect on weight gains of rats given fish flour sample CFF, which was of high nutritional value. Sample X contained methionine in an amount similar to that of sample CFF, and somewhat less histidine. The amounts of methionine and histidine released during in vitro digestion with pancreatin were much less for sample X than for sample CFF. Steaming sample X for 30 minutes significantly increased its gross protein value determined in a methionine-deficient diet, but had no effect on the total or organic chloride content. It was concluded that sample X contained unavailable methionine and histidine.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FISH FLOUR: II. AVAILABILITY OF LYSINE AND SULPHUR AMINO ACIDS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 649-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Morrison ◽  
Z. I. Sabry
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Marked Variability ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids

Measurements of net protein ratio and protein efficiency ratio indicated marked variability in nutritional value of the protein in eight samples of fish flour. The availability of lysine in the samples was examined by in vitro digestion studies, gross protein value determinations, and the dinitrofluorobenzene procedure. One sample, which appeared to be severely heat-damaged, contained unavailable lysine. This sample also contained unavailable methionine, as shown by reduced ability to supplement a methionine-deficient diet, and reduced release of methionine during in vitro digestion with proteolytic enzymes. Another sample also showed reduced ability to supplement a methionine-deficient diet, suggesting that it also contained unavailable sulphur amino acids, although the in vitro release of methionine was not reduced, and the lysine was available.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FISH FLOUR: II. AVAILABILITY OF LYSINE AND SULPHUR AMINO ACIDS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Morrison ◽  
Z. I. Sabry
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Marked Variability ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids

Measurements of net protein ratio and protein efficiency ratio indicated marked variability in nutritional value of the protein in eight samples of fish flour. The availability of lysine in the samples was examined by in vitro digestion studies, gross protein value determinations, and the dinitrofluorobenzene procedure. One sample, which appeared to be severely heat-damaged, contained unavailable lysine. This sample also contained unavailable methionine, as shown by reduced ability to supplement a methionine-deficient diet, and reduced release of methionine during in vitro digestion with proteolytic enzymes. Another sample also showed reduced ability to supplement a methionine-deficient diet, suggesting that it also contained unavailable sulphur amino acids, although the in vitro release of methionine was not reduced, and the lysine was available.

Developmental modulation of protein synthetic patterns by the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 1304-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Allred ◽  
Irwin W. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Malarial Parasite ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Developmental Modulation

Under conditions of in vitro culture, Plasmodium falciparum incorporated amino acids into particulate (membrane) and soluble proteins in a pattern which changed sequentially and which was dependent upon the stage of parasite maturation. Synchronized cultures pulse labeled with a mixture of 15 14C-labeled amino acids or [14C]histidine alone displayed stage-related patterns of polypeptide biosynthesis. Certain plasmodial proteins were associated with both particulate (membrane) and soluble fractions, whereas others appeared to be specific to a given fraction. Proteolysis of intact infected cells with pronase under conditions which removed 97 ± 2.2% of the endogenous red cell acetylcholinesterase activity did not cause the apparent removal of any radiolabeled proteins; this suggests the absence of externally exposed, parasite-synthesized proteins in the infected red cell membrane. Such a result was consistent whether the radiolabel was [14C]histidine or the 14C-labeled amino acid mixture. These results indicate that specific modulation of parasite biosynthetic patterns occurs during the asexual reproductive cycle and is probably one mechanism whereby parasite differentiation occurs. Despite the formation of surface excrescences on infected red cells containing mature parasites, results of surface digestion experiments failed to demonstrate the presence of surface-exposed plasmodial proteins.

Evidence for Active Transport of the Dipeptide Carnosine (β-Alanyl-l-Histidine) by Hamster Jejunum in Vitro

1974 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Matthews ◽  
Jill M. Addison ◽  
D. Burston
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Total Uptake ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. The characteristics of intestinal transport and hydrolysis of carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) have been studied in rings of everted hamster jejunum in vitro. 2. During incubation with carnosine, large amounts of intact peptide appeared in the intestinal wall, accompanied by small amounts of the constituent amino acids in the free form. Although there was some extracellular hydrolysis, the free amino acids appearing in the intestinal wall were almost entirely derived from intracellular hydrolysis of the peptide. Incubation in l-alanyl-l-histidine resulted in uptake of the constituent amino acids in the free form without appearance of intact peptide in the intestinal wall. 3. Total uptake of β-alanine (both peptide-bound and free) and total uptake of histidine were greater from a low concentration (1 μmol/ml) of carnosine than uptake of these amino acids from the equivalent amino acid mixture. At a high concentration of carnosine (20 μmol/ml), total uptake of β-alanine was greater from the peptide than from the equivalent amino acid mixture but total uptake of histidine was less. At this concentration, total uptake of β-alanine plus total uptake of histidine from the peptide was approximately the same as from the amino acid mixture. 4. Uptake of carnosine by jejunal rings was the result of a saturable process (Kt 9·4 μmol/ml, Vmax. 2·7 μmol g−1 initial wet wt. min−1). Intact carnosine was concentrated in the intestinal wall, the concentration ratio between intracellular fluid and incubation medium being up to 3·4/1. Uptake of carnosine was reduced by anoxia, metabolic inhibitors and replacement of medium Na+. Na+-dependent active transport was shown to be involved in uptake of carnosine by hamster jejunum in vitro.

scholarly journals Effect of co-ingestion of amino acids with rice on glycaemic and insulinaemic response

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1845-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yean Yean Soong ◽  
Joseph Lim ◽  
Lijuan Sun ◽  
Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Amino Acid Mixtures

AbstractConsumption of high glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic response (GR) food such as white rice has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have reported the ability of individual amino acids to reduce GR of carbohydrate-rich foods. Because of the bitter flavour of amino acids, they have rarely been used to reduce GR. We now report the use of a palatable, preformed amino acid mixture in the form of essence of chicken. In all, sixteen healthy male Chinese were served 68 or 136 ml amino acid mixture together with rice, or 15 or 30 min before consumption of white rice. Postprandial blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured at fasting and every 15 min after consumption of the meal until 60 min after the consumption of the white rice. Subsequent blood samples were taken at 30-min intervals until 210 min. The co-ingestion of 68 ml of amino acid mixture with white rice produced the best results in reducing the peak blood glucose and GR of white rice without increasing the insulinaemic response. It is postulated that amino acid mixtures prime β-cell insulin secretion and peripheral tissue uptake of glucose. The use of ready-to-drink amino acid mixtures may be a useful strategy for lowering the high-GI rice diets consumed in Asia.

Liver extract and its free amino acids equally stimulate gastric acid secretion

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (6) ◽  
pp. G493-G496 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Feldman ◽  
M. I. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Secretion ◽  
Gastric Acid Secretion ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture

Using intragastric titration in dogs with gastric fistulas, dose-response studies were carried out with liver extract and with a mixture of amino acids that matched the free amino acids found in liver extract. All solutions were adjusted to pH 7.0 and osmolality to 290 mosmol x kg-1. Doses are expressed as the sum of the concentrations of all free amino acids. At each dose studied (free amino acid concentration: 2.8, 5.6, 11, 23, and 45 mM), acid secretion in response to the free amino acid mixture was not significantly different from that of liver extract. The peak response to both liver extract and the free amino acid mixture occurred with the 23-mM dose and represented about 60% of the maximal response to histamine. The serum concentrations of gastrin after liver extract and the amino acid mixture were not significantly different. It is concluded that in dogs with gastric fistula, gastric acid secretion and release of gastrin were not significantly different in response to liver extract and to a mixture of amino acids that simulated the free amino acid content of liver extract.

An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. E122-E129 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Biolo ◽  
K. D. Tipton ◽  
S. Klein ◽  
R. R. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Protein Kinetics ◽  
Amino Acid Infusion

Six normal untrained men were studied during the intravenous infusion of a balanced amino acid mixture (approximately 0.15 g.kg-1.h-1 for 3 h) at rest and after a leg resistance exercise routine to test the influence of exercise on the regulation of muscle protein kinetics by hyperaminoacidemia. Leg muscle protein kinetics and transport of selected amino acids (alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, and lysine) were isotopically determined using a model based on arteriovenous blood samples and muscle biopsy. The intravenous amino acid infusion resulted in comparable increases in arterial amino acid concentrations at rest and after exercise, whereas leg blood flow was 64 +/- 5% greater after exercise than at rest. During hyperaminoacidemia, the increases in amino acid transport above basal were 30-100% greater after exercise than at rest. Increases in muscle protein synthesis were also greater after exercise than at rest (291 +/- 42% vs. 141 +/- 45%). Muscle protein breakdown was not significantly affected by hyperminoacidemia either at rest or after exercise. We conclude that the stimulatory effect of exogenous amino acids on muscle protein synthesis is enhanced by prior exercise, perhaps in part because of enhanced blood flow. Our results imply that protein intake immediately after exercise may be more anabolic than when ingested at some later time.

NUTRITION DES LARVES DE TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUVAL: I. RECHERCHE D'UN RÉGIME SYNTHÉTIQUE BASAL SATISFAISANT LEURS BESOINS NUTRITIFS

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lemonde ◽  
R. Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Tribolium Confusum ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Salt Mixture ◽  
Wheat Germ Oil ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids ◽  
Vitamin Mixture ◽  
Liver Fraction

A purified diet suitable for the study of the qualitative amino acids requirements of the larvae of the Coleoptera Tribolium confusum is presented. The composition of the diet is as follows: amino acid mixture 20%, cornstarch 75.5%, cholesterol 1%, wheat germ oil 1.5%, salt mixture No. 2 U.S.P. XII 2%, yeast 0.5%, vitamin mixture M.V.–II. In presence of amino acids, glucose cannot be used as a source of hydrocarbon. The mixture is very hygroscopic, develops a brown color, and is apparently toxic to the larvae. The importance of choline as a growth factor is demonstrated. Wilson's Liver Fraction L or Liver Concentrate 1: 20 cannot replace this vitamin. Yeast appears to contain unknown factors for it improves growth when added to a diet already supplemented with vitamins known to be essential for the larvae. A mixture of 19 crystalline amino acids known to occur in casein satisfies the nitrogen requirements of the larvae of T. confusum equally as well as purified casein.

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