Enrichment of Protein Content in Rice-Based Dried Distillers’ Grain from Food-Ethanol Factory by Chemical Method

Dried distillers’ grain (DDG) from rice-based alcohol factories contains relatively high protein (ca. 79% of dry matter). However, this vegetative protein source has only been used for animal feeding. To enhance the value of this by-product, i.e. toward application for the food industry, this study has applied different approaches for the enrichment of protein content in this by-products. These approaches were either using solvents to directly extract and precipitate protein or removing non-protein components in rice-based DDG. The results showed that the direct extraction and precipitation of protein was not effective as the removal of non-protein components. The use of NaOH 10 mM has increased protein content up to 87% of dry matter by washing out the non-protein components such as starch from DDG. Preliminary, the protein-enriched DDG was used up to 15% as an ingredient for cookies without negative effect on the taste or color of this product.

Effects of Replacing Cottonseed Meal with Corn Dried Distillers’ Grain on Ruminal Parameters, Performance, and Enteric Methane Emissions in Young Nellore Bulls Reared in Tropical Pastures

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing cottonseed meal with DDG on ruminal parameters, methane (CH4) emissions (Experiment 1), and animal performance (Experiment 2) of young Nellore bulls grazing Marandu grass during the rainy season. Four supplementation strategies were used in both experiments: (1) Mineral supplementation (MS); (2) conventional multiple supplement (energy/protein) with cottonseed meal and citrus pulp (CMS); (3) CMS with 50% cottonseed meal replaced by DDG (50DDG); and (4) CMS with 100% cottonseed meal replaced by DDG (100DDG). The 50DDG condition resulted in greater intake of dry matter (p = 0.033), organic matter (OM) (p = 0.050), forage (p = 0.035), and digestible OM (p = 0.031) than 100DDG. The supplemented animals presented greater final body weight (BW) and average daily gain than the animals consuming MS (p = 0.011), and lower pH, acetate, and acetate:propionate (p < 0.05). However, the treatments had no influence on stocking rate, gain per area, and enteric CH4 emissions (p > 0.05). Replacing cottonseed meal with DDG does not result in great variations in ruminal parameters, animal performance, and enteric CH4 emissions of grazing Nellore cattle during the rearing phase in the wet season. Both protein sources in 0.3% BW supplementation can be used to intensify beef cattle production in pastures.

281 The Effects of Whole Cottonseed Supplementation on Performance, Breeding Soundness Exams, and Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Concentrations in the Blood and Semen of Beef Bulls

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of whole cottonseed containing gossypol on post-pubertal beef bulls. In a two-year study, 46 Angus and Red Angus bulls (body weight 457.0 ± 85.2 kg; 16 to 20-months of age) were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 levels of whole cottonseed supplementation while receiving ad libitum roughage. The treatments included: DD (n = 14, control; 3.18 kg/d of dried distillers grain, W/D (n = 16; 1.59 kg/d of whole cottonseed and 1.59 kg/d of dried distillers grain), or WW (n = 16 3.18 kg/d of whole cottonseed). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. In both years, bulls were weighed, administered a breeding soundness exam, and morphological characteristics of spermatozoa were measured on d 0, 28, and 60. In year 1, blood and semen samples were collected on d 0, 28, and 60 to measure manganese superoxide dismutase activity. There was no treatment effect for blood or semen manganese superoxide dismutase concentration (P &gt; 0.255). There was a treatment effect (P &lt; 0.02) for average daily gain as bulls fed WW gained less compared to those fed WD and DD (0.96, 1.23, and 1.39 kg/d, respectively). No treatment effect was observed for scrotal circumference (P &gt; 0.50). There were no treatment × time interactions, treatment, or time main effects for percentages of normal spermatozoa, spermatozoa with coiled or folded tails, or proximal droplets (P &gt; 0.12). There was a treatment effect on the amount of swollen midpiece or abnormal head as bull in the DD treatment had a greater (P &lt; 0.02) percentage of other abnormalities compared to WW, but WD was not different (P &gt; 0.16). Inclusion of whole cottonseed may affect average daily gain, but does not affect reproductive parameters of beef bulls.

PSIII-14 The influence of dietary barley supplementation on American Wagyu feedlot performance

Eighty-nine American Wagyu steers were used to evaluate the effects of dietary barley supplementation on feedlot performance. We hypothesized that barley supplementation would increase ADG compared to non-supplemented control animals. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Steers were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and randomly assigned within block to one of two treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) Control (no supplemental barley) and 2) Control diet + 0.9 kg∙animal-1∙d-1 of supplemental barley. Steers were housed in feedlot pens (all pens contained n = 4 steers/pen with the exception of one Control pen that contained n=5 steers; 11 replicates/treatment; experimental unit = pen) and fed a traditional American Wagyu finishing diet (DM basis: 68.42% DM, 14.33% CP; TDN: 74.76%, NEg: 1.16 Mcal/kg, 5.25% EE) for 270d. The basal diet consisted of grass hay, corn silage, cracked corn grain, soybean meal, corn distillers grain, white salt, ground limestone, and olive byproduct. Diets were fed once daily in the morning and barely was top dressed to the appropriate pens, immediately after the basal diet was delivered. Steers were individually weighed on d -1 and 0, and approximately every 28 days throughout the 270d experiment. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model (PROC MIXED, SAS) for a completely randomized block design. Initial pen BW was used as a covariate in the statistical analysis of all performance data and significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Initial and final BW, ADG, DMI, and feed:gain were similar across treatments. Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, these data suggest that barley supplementation for 270d to American Wagyu cattle did not impact overall animal performance.

Oil Recovery from Fractionated Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) Using Enzymes

Oil recovered from dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) can be a high-value product over animal feed to provide an additional profit to ethanol plants currently operating at slim profit margins. Fractionations of DDGS and enzymatic hydrolysis were considered in this study to improve the oil recovery from DDGS. A combination of sieving and then air aspiration was used to separate the original DDGS into three different fractions: light, medium, and heavy. The heavier fraction had up to 24% increased oil content compared to the original DDGS. Commercial enzymes, protease, cellulase, and hemicellulase were tested separately and in combinations at 55 °C for 3 h at 130 rpm to determine their effect on oil recovery from the original and fractionated DDGS. Oil recovery was significantly improved (around 20%) following enzyme hydrolysis of the sieved aspirated heavy fractions of DDGS compared to the original DDGS. More than 90% of oil recovery was achieved by using a combination of cellulase and protease enzymes. Increasing the temperature above 55 °C without any enzyme did not impact oil recovery using the heavy-fraction DDGS. Overall, fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis showed promise to increase oil recovery from DDGS without any current ethanol plant design changes.

Physicochemical characterisation of kafirins extracted from sorghum grain and dried distillers grain with solubles related to their biomaterial functionality

Kafirin, the hydrophobic prolamin storage protein in sorghum grain is enriched when the grain is used for bioethanol production to give dried distillers grain with solubles (DGGS) as a by-product. There is great interest in DDGS kafirin as a new source for biomaterials. There is however a lack of fundamental understanding of how the physicochemical properties of DDGS kafirin having been exposed to the high temperature conditions during ethanol production, compare to kafirin made directly from the grain. An understanding of these properties is required to catalyse the utilisation of DDGS kafirin for biomaterial applications. The aim of this study was to extract kafirin directly from sorghum grain and from DDGS derived from the same grain and, then perform a comparative investigation of the physicochemical properties of these kafirins in terms of: polypeptide profile by sodium-dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; secondary structure by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, self-assembly behaviour by small-angle x-ray scattering, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy and surface chemical properties by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. DDGS kafirin was found to have very similar polypeptide profile as grain kafirin but contained altered secondary structure with increased levels of β-sheets. The structure morphology showed surface fractals and surface elemental composition suggesting enhanced reactivity with possibility to endow interfacial wettability. These properties of DDGS kafirin may provide it with unique functionality and thus open up opportunities for it to be used as a novel food grade biomaterial.

Physiochemical characterization and energy contents of novel corn ethanol co-product streams, with and without inclusion of a multi-carbohydrase enzyme blend, for growing pigs

The physiochemical properties and digestible, metabolizable, and predicted net energy contents in high-protein dried distillers’ grain (HiPro) were determined to assess the nutritive value for growing pigs. Twelve Yorkshire × Landrace barrows (initial body weight 25 ± 0.5 kg) were used in a partially replicated Latin square design over three periods (n = 7 or 8) and assigned to one of five experimental diets. In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d, followed by 5 d of total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. The experimental diets included a corn- and soybean-meal-based diet (CON) or diets containing dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) or HiPro to partially replace corn and soybean meal, without or with (i.e., DDGS+ and Hipro+) a multi-carbohydrase enzyme blend (0.05% inclusion). The HiPro ingredient contained half as much starch (2.6% vs. 5.2%; DM-basis), 20% more protein (32.5% vs. 27.1%), and had 14% greater water binding capacity versus DDGS. The digestible, metabolizable, and predicted net energy contents of the HiPro co-product were greater than DDGS for growing pigs (P < 0.05), but fibre-degrading enzymes were ineffective at improving energy values. The greater (available) energy and protein contents of HiPro make it a promising feed ingredient for inclusion in swine diets.