Twenty-two-year revolutions in the cosmic-ray diurnal variations

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S934-S936
Author(s):  
M. Wada ◽  
S. Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Phase Difference ◽  
Geomagnetic Activity ◽  
Radial Flow ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Rigid Rotation ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Other Hand

It is shown, from the data obtained during three complete sunspot cycles, that the 22-year variation in the phase of the cosmic-ray diurnal wave is associated with the 11-year revolutions of the diurnal vectors. The revolutions alternate in sense every 11 years. In order to interpret these revolutions, two perpendicular cosmic-ray streamings in interplanetary space are assumed. As both streamings undergo 11-year variations in their velocities, an ellipse is traced out by the termini of the annual vectors; the sense of revolution depends on whether the phase difference between the two is positive or negative. If, on the other hand, their periods are 11 and 22 years and if their phases coincide, the locus is a horseshoelike trajectory, which is traced twice by a to-and-fro motion during 22 years. The observed data available at this stage cannot distinguish between these possibilities. As geomagnetic activity also shows different 11-year variations alternately, its relation to the 22-year revolution in the diurnal variations is discussed. The radial flow of the cosmic-ray particles as well as the rigid rotation of the cosmic-ray gas with the sun suggested by Parker may correspond to the two streamings.

Two anisotropies of the cosmic-ray particles producing the cosmic-ray diurnal variation

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S828-S830
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Kitamura
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Geomagnetic Latitude ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity

The solar diurnal variations of both meson and nucleon components of cosmic rays at sea level at geomagnetic latitude 57.5° and geomagnetic longitude 0° are analyzed by the model in which two anisotropies of cosmic-ray particles (one of them, Δj1, from about 20 h L.T. and the other, Δj2, from about 8 h L.T. in interplanetary space) produce the solar diurnal variation of the cosmic-ray intensity on the earth.When the energy spectra of Δj1 and Δj2 are represented by [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively, where j0(E) is the normal energy spectrum of the primary cosmic rays, it is shown that the evaluation for m1 = 1, 2, m2 = 0 and the cutoffs at 8 and 10 BeV on the low-energy side of spectra of both Δj1 and Δj2 agree well with the observational results at Deep River.

III. Spectroscopic observations of the sun

1867 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 256-258 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Spectroscopic Observations ◽  
Gaseous Mass ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sun Spots ◽  
Physical Constitution ◽  
Upward Current

The two most recent theories dealing with the physical constitution of the sun are due to M. Faye and to Messrs. De la Rue, Balfour Stewart, and Loewy. The chief point of difference in these two theories is the explanation given by each of the phenomena of sun-spots. Thus, according to M. Faye, the interior of the sun is a nebulous gaseous mass of feeble radiating-power, at a temperature of dissociation; the photosphere is, on the other hand, of a high radiating-power, and at a temperature sufficiently low to permit of chemical action. In a sunspot we see the interior nebulous mass through an opening in the photosphere, caused by an upward current, and the sun-spot is black, by reason of the feeble radiating-power of the nebulous mass.

scholarly journals Diurnal Variations of CO2 Mixing Ratio in the Lower Atmosphere by Three Wavelength DIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 03011
Author(s):  
Yasukuni Shibata ◽  
Chikao Nagasawa ◽  
Makoto Abo
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Other Hand

We have conducted the measurement of high accurate CO2 mixing ratio profiles by measuring the temperature profiles simultaneously using the three wavelength CO2 DIAL. The measurements of CO2 diurnal variation in the lower atmosphere were carried out on sunny and cloudy days respectively. We find out that increasing of the CO2 mixing ratio occurs over the altitude of about 2 km from the surface during nighttime. On the other hand, the CO2 mixing ratio decreases over the lower atmosphere during daytime. In particular, the CO2 mixing ratio decreases earlier on sunny days than on cloudy days after sunrise. This result suggests that CO2 absorption by photosynthesis greatly contributes to the strength of the solar radiation.

scholarly journals 12. Commission de Physique Solaire

1933 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 34-57
Author(s):  
M. C. E.St John ◽  
MM. Abbot ◽  
Abetti ◽  
Anderson ◽  
Bjerknes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Committee ◽  
Solar Physics ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Solar Research ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Valuable Result

The president calls attention to the large and increasing membership of Commission 12 and the policy of concentrating in it all matters relating to the sun. The result makes it comparable in breadth of field and in membership to the former Union for Co-operation in Solar Research. The main point in favour of this policy is the increased interest in the meetings of the Commission and the larger number of individuals reached compared with the meetings of small committees. One recalls the general sessions of the Solar Union in which each one present felt himself a part of the Union and in real touch with the work of different sections and after the discussions went away with fuller knowledge of what it was all about. This was a valuable result not attained to the same degree from the general sessions of the present Union, but in a measure it does follow from the meetings of the Solar Physics Committee. On the other hand the question may be raised whether or not the merging of independent commissions into subdivisions of a large commission lessens their interest to an extent not balanced by the advantages. If the present policy holds, it seems to the president that a re-organisation of Commission 12 is advisable by which more responsibility is laid upon the directors of centres. The basis of membership in the Commission may well be considered and recommendations formulated for transmission to the Executive Committee.

scholarly journals XII. Radiation in the solar system: its effect on temperature and its pressure on small bodies

1904 ◽  
Vol 202 (346-358) ◽  
pp. 525-552 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fourth Power ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Planetary Surfaces ◽  
Solar Constant ◽  
Small Bodies

When a surface is a full radiator and absorber its temperature can be determined at once by the fourth-power law if we know the rate at which it is radiating energy. If it is radiating what it receives from the sun, then a knowledge of the solar constant enables us to find the temperature. We can thus make estimates of the highest temperature which a surface can reach when it is only receiving heat from the sun. We can also make more or less approximate estimates of the temperatures of the planetary surfaces by assuming conditions under which the radiation takes place, and we can determine, fairly exactly, the temperatures of very small bodies in interplanetary space. These determinations require a knowledge of the constant of radiation and of either the solar constant or the effective temperature of the sun, either of which, as is well known, can be found from the other by means of the radiation constant. It will be convenient to give here the values of these quantities before proceeding to apply them to our special problems.

A new Greek Calendar and Festivals of the Sun

1948 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Stefan Weinstock
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Made In

It is known that the Greeks found the means of time-reckoning when they began to observe and to record the rising and setting of the stars. Such recording had already been made in Babylonia and Egypt and taken up in Greece (and further developed) by Hesiod, Democritus, Eudoxus, and Ptolemy. Our knowledge of what they achieved was based until the end of the nineteenth century on the calendars of Geminus, Ptolemy, Aetius Amidenus, the Quintilii, Clodius Tuscus (and on some occasional references in other writers). In recent decades further examples have been found in astrological manuscripts and in papyri, amongst which the Calendar of Antiochus and that of the Pap. Hibeh 27 are the most prominent. Professor Rehm in his admirable Parapegmastudien has recently shown how much can be learnt from the simple entries in calendars about time-reckoning, astronomy, and, in general, about the cosmic system of a nation or a period. Religious entries on the other hand (which are of great importance for the origin and development of festivals) are less frequent—we find in the Hibeh Papyrus a number of local Egyptian festivals and in the Calendar of Antiochus two festivals of the Sun and a festival of the Nile.

scholarly journals Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication in Product Placement “Descendants of the Sun”

K ta Kita ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Jonatan Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Product Placement ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional Communication ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Formal Relationship

This study is intended to find out the meaning behind verbal and non-verbal communication in product placement in Korean drama, Descendant of the Sun. Conducting this study, I apply the theory process of signification proposed by Saussure (1974) and Chandler (2007) and Kinesics proposed by Birdwhistell (1970). The subject of this study is verbal and non-verbal communication in product placement in Korean drama Descendants of the Sun. The data was collected through video media from AsianNet.com and several resources. The findings of this study showed that verbal and non-verbal communication in drama DOTS creates the meaningful messages to its viewers. The findings also show that almost everything in the product placement, possibly have communicative purpose to its viewers. This study also found that non-verbal expressions are generally used to support the verbal communication and it is central to interpersonal relations because non-verbal cues are generally important in emotional communication. On the other hand, verbal communication is central to official or formal relationship. Moreover, the verbal and non-verbal communication in product placement mainly have communicative purpose to encourage, inform, persuade even change the opinion to its viewers to buy, use and know more about the products and services.

scholarly journals 39. The anisotropy of primary cosmic radiation and the electromagnetic state in interplanetary space

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
V. Sarabhai ◽  
N. W. Nerurkar ◽  
S. P. Duggal ◽  
T. S. G. Sastry
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Daily Variations ◽  
Primary Cosmic Radiation

Study of the anisotropy of cosmic rays from the measurement of the daily variation of meson intensity has demonstrated that there are significant day-today changes in the anisotropy of the radiation. New experimental data pertaining to these changes and their solar and terrestrial relationships are discussed.An interpretation of these changes of anisotropy in terms of the modulation of cosmic rays by streams of matter emitted by the sun is given. In particular, an explanation for the existence of the recently discovered types of daily variations exhibiting day and night maxima respectively, can be found by an extension of some ideas of Alfvén, Nagashima, and Davies. An integrated attempt is made to interpret the known features of the variation of cosmic ray intensity in conformity with ideas developed above.

2. On Sun Spots, and their connection with Planetary Configurations

1866 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 213-214
Author(s):  
Balfour Stewart
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sun Spots

The author was led to examine the sun pictures taken by the Kew Photoheliograph, with the view of ascertaining if any connection exists between the behaviour of sun spots and planetary configurations.It was found, that when any portion of the sun's disc recedes by virtue of rotation from the neighbourhood of Venus, it acquires a tendency to break out into spots, and, on the other hand, when such approaches Venus, there is a tendency towards the healing up of spots. Carrington's observations were then discussed, which seem to show that, on the whole, the sun's surface is fullest of spots when Jupiter is furthest from our luminary, and freest from spots when he is nearest.

scholarly journals Séance du jeudi 4 octobre, matin.: Président de Séance : G. Righini.: Solar Site Testing

1963 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 193-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Kiepenheuer
Keyword(s):  
Solar Disk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Site Testing ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Optical Effects ◽  
All Optical ◽  
Almost All

While at night almost all optical effects of the atmosphere have to be investigated by using stellar images, the solar observer has at his disposal the solar disk of about half a degree in diameter, covered all over with low contrast details of about 1″, the granules, and confined to the sky by a sharp limb. This enables him to observe all effects occuring within the area of the Sun simultaneously, to follow even the propagation of certain atmospheric effects across the disk. On the other hand he has only the Sun and cannot — as night astronomers might do — extend his observations to all directions in the sky.

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