A theoretical analysis of recirculation in pulp refiners

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. KEREKES
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Constant Flow ◽  
Average Energy Expenditure

Expressions have been developed to describe the influence of recirculation on the energy distribution on pulp in refiners. It was shown that for constant pulp flow to downstream operations, the average energy expenditure on pulp does not change with recirculation, but the energy expended on components of the pulp flow varies widely. In the case of reduced fiber flow, the recirculation to maintain constant flow and the power to maintain constant average specific energy produces a change in both the energy distribution on pulp and refining intensity. The implications of these findings to pulp refining are discussed in this work.

Food and Fitness: A Dictionary of Diet and Exercise

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kent
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Labelling ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Genetic Disposition ◽  
Diet And Exercise ◽  
Fitness Tracking ◽  
Average Energy Expenditure

Over 2,000 entriesThis accessible dictionary is packed full of authoritative information on foods and drinks, types of diet, sports and activities, exercises, physiology, training methods, and calorie requirements. The new edition includes over 200 new entries covering advances in the science of health and diet such as genetic disposition and nutrigenomics, high-profile diets such as the five–two and palaeo, fitness tracking and technologies, and developments in food labelling and the psychology of diet and fitness.With over seventy diagrams, many providing guidance on how to carry out certain exercises, and tables covering recommended dietary intakes, the composition of selected foods, and average energy expenditure for various activities and sports, this is an ideal quick reference for students of sports and nutrition, and for anyone interested in diet and fitness.

scholarly journals Energy expenditure of flight crew of military transport aviation depending on function during typical training activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Bertrandt ◽  
Roman Lakomy ◽  
Pawel Kler ◽  
Jerzy Bertrandt
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Military Aircraft ◽  
Flight Crew ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Rate Frequency ◽  
Average Energy Expenditure

AbstractIntroductionThe knowledge of energy expenditure during typical activities is the basic information to estimate nutritional requirements. This is especially important with irregular lifestyle, such as service in transport aviation. Aircraft personnel fly in every part of a day. Flights often take place with changes in climate and time zones. Time of flights fluctuated from a several dozen to a dozen hours.AimThe aim of the work was to assess and compare the energy expenditure of military aircraft crews – “CASA C-295”, “ C-130 Hercules” and helicopter “W-3 Sokol” during typical air training activities.Material & MethodThe study was conducted in a group of 31 members of flight crews. The energy expenditure was based on the examination of heart rate frequency with the Polar RS800 heart rate monitor.ResultsThe study was conducted among crew members of various types of transports aircrafts. The average value of energy expenditure of the CASA pilots (n = 14) was 3,071 ± 0,84 kcal/min (training flight during the day, n = 10) and 5,64 ± 2,45 kcal/min (training flight during the night and in noctovision goggles, n = 4). In a group of flight technicians (n = 7) in aircraft Herules C-130 the average energy expenditure was 3,55 ± 1,83 kcal/min (passeneger reception and service). In a group of loadmasters (n = 6), in aircraft CASA and Hercules C-130 the average energy expenditure was 6,63 ± 1,55 kcal/min (baggage service, dropping paratroopers). The average energy expenditure in a group of paramedics (n = 4), which are members of helicopter W-3 Sokol crew was 8,51 ± 4,29 kcal/min (going down the rope, lifting wounded person from watercrafts).ConclusionThe presented data show the variation in energy expenditure between groups, as well as within groups. The energy expenditure was varied depending on the function on board and on the conditions in which the tasks were performer. Obtained values of energy expenditures during flights allow to classify the work performed in the categories of work from light to heavy (according to the Christensen's classification). Nutrition in the study group should be adapted to the nature of the work performed.

scholarly journals Assessment of еnergy expenditure and energy intake of the military institute of physical training cadets associated with their academic and professional activities

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
V Ya Apchel ◽  
O O Borisova ◽  
V N Golubev ◽  
Yu N Korolev ◽  
K V Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Military Institute ◽  
The Military ◽  
Average Energy Expenditure

High energy expenditure of daily activity of cadets trained at the Military Institute of Physical Training sets certain demands for cadets’ diet and correspondence of energy and nutrition value of the diet to energy expenditure. Calculated data on energy expenditures of daily routine activities of the Military Institute of Physical Training cadets, energy costs of academic training and sport-related activities are presented. Along with energy expenditure another issue of balance, namely energy intake, is considered. Calculated findings on nutrition and caloric value of a cadets’ food ration and the Military Institute of Physical Training cadets’ diet and energy consumption of cadets are presented. It is shown that cadets’ diet corresponds to average energy expenditure. A comparison of the energy value of the daily ration of cadets and their energy expenditure revealed that the food ration compensates the average energy expenditure. The exceptions are intensive training in the framework of improving athletic skills (2 trainings per day), as well as periods when individual training takes place at the same time with high energy expenditures of a daily routine (for example, snow cleaning). In these cases daily energy expenditure (up to 5000 kcal) was recorded, exceeding the energy cost of food rations and requiring increased energy supply. In addition, the vitamin status of cadets was investigated. No signs of vitamins deficiency in the food ration were revealed. However, in the spring period, a decrease in the content of ascorbic acid in urine is shown in 80% of the subjects.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake and Energy Expenditure Assessed during a Pre-Season Period in Elite Gaelic Football Players

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke O’Brien ◽  
Kieran Collins ◽  
Dominic Doran ◽  
Omid Khaiyat ◽  
Farzad Amirabdollahian
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Time Of Year

There is currently a lack of research into the energy demands and associated nutritional intakes of elite Gaelic football players during the pre-season period, which is a crucial time of year for physical development. The aim of the current study was to investigate the dietary intake and energy expenditure (EE) of elite Gaelic football players during a typical pre-season week. Over a seven-day period, which included four training days and three rest days, dietary intake (validated self-reported estimated food diary) and EE (Sensewear Pro armband) were recorded in 18 male players from a single elite inter-county Gaelic football team. Average energy intake (EI) (3283 ± 483 kcal) was significantly (p = 0.002) less than average EE (3743 ± 335 kcal), with a mean daily energy deficit of −460 ± 503 kcal. Training days elicited the greatest deficits between intake and expenditure. The mean carbohydrate (CHO) intake was 3.6 ± 0.7 g/kg/day, protein intake was 2.1 ± 0.5 g/kg/day, and fat intake was 1.6 ± 0.2 g/kg/day. These findings indicate that the dietary practices of the sampled players were inadequate to meet EE and CHO recommendations. Training days are of particular concern, with the players not altering energy and CHO intake to encounter increased energy demands. Education on nutritional strategies for elite Gaelic footballers should be considered in relation to training demands to avoid detriments to performance and health.

Starvation Resulting From Inadequate Dietary Planning for a 50-Day Rowing Expedition

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1012-1016
Author(s):  
Hamish A.B. Reid ◽  
Nicholas C. Dennison ◽  
Jonathan Quayle ◽  
Tom Preston
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Endurance Sport ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Significant Barrier ◽  
Composition Changes ◽  
Starvation State

Meeting the energy demands of prolonged arduous expeditions and endurance sport may be a significant barrier to success. Expedition rowing is associated with high levels of body-mass loss, reflecting the challenge of meeting energy expenditure in this exacting environment.Purpose:To use the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique to calculate the total energy expenditure (TEE) and body-composition changes of two 28-y-old healthy male athletes during a 50-d continuous and unsupported row around Great Britain.Methods:A measured dose of DLW was taken at the start of 2 separate study periods (days 5–19 and 34–48) followed by sequential urine collection, which was analyzed on return to land.Results:Mean TEE was 15.3 MJ/d: athlete 1, 16.4 MJ/d; athlete 2, 14.9 MJ/d. Athlete 1 lost 11.2 kg and athlete 2 lost 14.9 kg of body mass during the row. Average energy provision was 19.1 MJ per 24-h ration pack.Conclusions:These results highlight the difficulty of maintaining energy balance during expedition rowing. A starvation state was observed despite dietary provision in excess of estimated energy expenditure, indicating that nutritional strategy rather than caloric availability was at fault. The authors recommend that future expeditions prioritize thorough testing and the individualization of rations to ensure that they are both palatable and practical during the weeks to months at sea.

Energy distribution of pions in the nucleon–nucleus interaction at 70 GeV

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-529
Author(s):  
A. C. Saha ◽  
M. M. Samanta ◽  
D. K. Pal ◽  
R. N. Nandy ◽  
B. K. Bandopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Proton Beam ◽  
Intermediate State ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Boltzmann Distribution ◽  
Rest System ◽  
Nucleus Interaction

Production of pions through the intermediate state called fireballs has been considered to study the energy distribution of pions in the fireball-rest system. Nikfi-R-type photoemulsion plates exposed to the 70-GeV proton beam of the Surpukhov Accelerator, Dubna, USSR, are used for this purpose. A graphical representation of the distribution of energies among the pions is shown. It is observed that this distribution closely resembles Planck's distribution of photons. Furthermore, this study reveals that the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution deviates greatly from experimental observations. The average energy of the pions is found to be (0.770 ± 0.03) GeV.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document