Cosmic-ray atmospheric electric field effects

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 440-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. I. Dorman ◽  
I. V. Dorman
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Effect ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Atmospheric Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Effect ◽  
Neutron Monitors ◽  
Muon Component ◽  
Electric Field Effects ◽  
Field Effects ◽  
Neutron Component

Experimental data on the atmospheric electric field effect in the cosmic-ray muon component are discussed on the basis of the general theory of cosmic-ray meteorological effects. In this framework, we develop the theory of atmospheric electric field effects in the hard- and soft-muons of secondary cosmic rays and in the neutron-monitor counting rates as well. We show that the experimental results can be understood on the basis of this theory. We also show that a sufficient atmospheric electric field effect in the cosmic-ray neutron component is to be expected because the neutron monitors work as analyzers of soft muons and really detect only negative muons as well as neutrons.

Evidence for the existence of an electric field effect from the vinyl proton magnetic resonance spectra of 4-substituted styrenes

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (24) ◽  
pp. 3813-3820 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Hamer ◽  
W. F. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Shift ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Effect ◽  
Chemical Shifts ◽  
Electric Field Effect ◽  
Vinyl Proton ◽  
Concentration Effects ◽  
Electric Field Effects ◽  
Field Effects ◽  
Proton Chemical Shifts

Vinyl proton chemical shifts of styrene and six 4-substituted styrenes have been determined at infinite dilution in cyclohexane. It is shown that changes in the chemical shift difference of the β protons, Δ(δC − δB) can be accounted for by electric field effects. Reasonable values of the constant in the Buckingham equation of(−3.11 ± 0.50) × 10−12 and (−4.77 ± 0.83) × 10−12 are obtained from two different types of field effect calculations. Residual chemical shift changes for β protons after correction for electric field effects can be explained in terms of mesomeric and possibly inductive mechanisms. α-Proton chemical shift values cannot be satisfactorily rationalized. Small concentration effects are noted, usually resulting in high field shifts with increasing concentration. Previous results are reexamined in order to resolve a conflict in the literature.

Substituent-induced 1H chemical shifts for 4-substituted (2, 2-dichlorocyclopropyl)benzenes: further evidence for intramolecular electric field effects on 1H chemical shifts

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Kohler ◽  
William F. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Effect ◽  
Ring Current ◽  
Chemical Shifts ◽  
Basic Pattern ◽  
Electric Field Effects ◽  
Field Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Proton Chemical Shifts

Correlations of cyclopropyl proton chemical shifts for 4-substituted (2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)-benzenes with σI and σR0 provide evidence that these chemical shifts reflect direct field effects and weak phenyl–cyclopropyl conjugative interactions. Corrections for variable ring current effects due to substituent-induced changes in conformation improve the individual correlations but do not alter the basic pattern of results. Correlation of the β cyclopropyl 1H chemical shift difference with σI with calculated hydrogen electron densities, and with calculated electric field components provides further strong evidence for a field effect on 1H chemical shifts.

scholarly journals Electric Field Control of the Polluting Emissions from a Propane Flame

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Heat Mass Transfer ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Electric Field Effect ◽  
Electric Field Effects ◽  
Field Effects ◽  
Polluting Emissions

The present study is performed with the aim to reduce the levels of polluting emissions from fuel combustion that produce acid rains and the greenhouse effect (NOx, CO2). The electric field effects on the processes of heat/mass transfer and propane combustion are studied in order to perform electric control of the levels of polluting emissions from the flame. The results of experimental studies show the direct influence of the electric field's enhanced mass transfer on local variations of the flame composition and fuel combustion. The related variations of the flame temperature, processes of soot formation, carbon capture and deposition along the flame channel flow are studied by varying the field strength and the equivalence ratio of the propane-air mixture. The results show that the electric field effect on soot for- mation, carbon capture and sequestration, for fuel-rich flame flow, can be used to reduce the levels of CO2 emissions from the flame. In addition, the field-enhanced heat/ mass transfer to the channel walls, for fuel-lean conditions, can be used to control the fuel combustion, flame temperature and temperature- sensitive levels of NOx emissions. The most pronounced electric field effects on fuel combustion and composition of the products are observed in the limit of the weak fields (U<1,2 kV, E<105 V m-1).

Experiment Probe on Micro-Electric Field Effects on Seepage in Micro Particle Clays

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 2664-2668
Author(s):  
Wei Dong Pan ◽  
Ren Guo Gu ◽  
Ying Guang Fang
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Effect ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Electric Field Effect ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Electric Field Effects ◽  
Experiment Method ◽  
Consolidation Rate ◽  
Electric Potentials

Using laboratory experiment method, the micro-electric field effect on seepage in micro particle clays is discussed in this paper. A series of micro-and mesoscopic parameters and seepage consolidation tests are conducted for the samples of micro particle clays with different ion concentrations in pore water or particle surface electric potentials. The test results show that an increase in particle surface electric potential or a decrease in ion concentration will result in the decrease of equivalent permeability coefficient, consolidation rate and consolidation displacement, revealing the existence of micro-electric field effect on seepage in micro particle clays.

scholarly journals Atmospheric electric field effects of cosmic rays detected in Mexico City

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-262
Author(s):  
L. X. González ◽  
J. F. Valdés-Galicia
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Atmospheric Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Effects ◽  
Field Effects

Estudiamos los posibles efectos de los campos eléctricos atmosféricos, generados en las tormentas eléctricas, sobre la intensidad de los rayos cósmicos detectados en la superficie terrestre, analizando las variaciones de las razones de conteo de la componente nucleónica de los rayos cósmicos, obtenidas por el monitor de neutrones instalado en la ciudad de México, durante tormentas eléctricas ocurridas entre 1996 y 1997, años del mínimo solar. Comparamos nuestros resultados experimentales con la teoría general de los efectos meteorológicos en los rayos cósmicos, desarrollada por Dorman (1995). Se obsevó una variación en la intensidad de alrededor de 0.2%. De acuerdo con Dorman (1995), el efecto puede estar entre 0.27% y 0.81% en las razones de conteo del monitor de neutrones cuando las intensidades del campo eléctrico atmosférico se encuentran alrededor de 100 a 300 Vcm-1. Nuestros resultados muestran que los campos eléctricos en la ciudad de México tuvieron menos intensidad que los campos eléctricos asumidos por Dorman (1995) o que los campos eléctricos no son uniformes en el tiempo y altura durante el desarrollo de la tormenta eléctrica.

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