Copper requirements of container-grown conifer seedlings

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Lambert ◽  
T. C. Weidensaul
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Noble Fir ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Blue spruce (Piceapungens Engelm.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Noble fir (Abiesprocera Rehd.), and eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) seedlings grown in the greenhouse in peat–vermiculite medium were fertilized with nutrient solutions containing 0.00–0.64 ppm Cu. Maximum growth generally occurred at levels higher than the conventional fertilizer rates of 0.02–0.06 ppm, particularly for Douglas-fir, with subsequent shoot or needle concentrations of 3 or more ppm. Optimum growth of Douglas-fir in a peat–vermiculite medium treated with a single initial drench of 0–100 ppm Cu/L mix occurred over a broad range of foliar Cu concentrations greater than 4 ppm. Supplemental Cu for container-grown conifers thus appears necessary in some cases, but not harmful in others.

scholarly journals Eastern white pine and eastern hemlock growth: possible tradeoffs in response of canopy trees to climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Stern ◽  
Paul Schaberg ◽  
Shelly A Rayback ◽  
Paula F. Murakami ◽  
Christopher Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Canopy Trees ◽  
Pollutant Deposition ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Spring Temperatures ◽  
Over Time

A warming climate and extended growing season may confer competitive advantages to temperate conifers that can photosynthesize across seasons. Whether this potential translates into increased growth is unclear, as is whether pollution could constrain growth. We examined two temperate conifers - eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) - and analyzed associations between growth (476 trees in 23 plots) and numerous factors, including climate and pollutant deposition variables. Both species exhibited increasing growth over time and eastern white pine showed greater maximum growth. Higher spring temperatures were associated with greater growth for both species, as were higher autumnal temperatures for eastern hemlock. Negative correlations were observed with previous year (eastern hemlock) and current year (eastern white pine) summer temperatures. Spring and summer moisture availability were positively correlated with growth for eastern white pine throughout its chronology, whereas for hemlock, correlations with moisture shifted from being significant with current year’s growth to previous year’s growth over time. The growth of these temperate conifers might benefit from higher spring (both species) and fall (eastern hemlock) temperatures, though this could be offset by reductions in growth associated with hotter, drier summers.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Four Glyphosate Formulations on Dormant Conifers

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 494A-494
Author(s):  
John F. Ahrens ◽  
Larry J. Kuhns ◽  
Tracey L. Harpster ◽  
Todd L. Mervosh
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Glyphosate Formulations

In 1995, Monsanto Chemical Co. announced that they would replace Roundup herbicide with Roundup Pro for use in the ornamentals and turf markets. Both products contain 4 lb a.i./gal glyphosate, but Roundup Pro contains a more-active surfactant. Though Roundup was labeled as a nonselective herbicide, dormant conifers were found to have varying degrees of resistance to it. Directed sprays that hit the lower two-thirds of many dormant conifers became common practice in the industry. Because the surfactant in Roundup Pro increases the activity of the glyphosate, a series of trials were initiated in 1996 in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Vermont in which four glyphosate formulations were applied to a variety of dormant conifers. Roundup, Roundup Pro, Glyfos, and Accord (with and without surfactant) were applied either over-the-top or as directed sprays to the lower 18 inches of the plants at rates between 0.5 and 3 lb a.i./acre. Plants treated included globe arborvitae; upright yew; Canadian hemlock; Colorado, Norway and white spruce; Douglas fir; eastern white pine; and balsam, Canaan, and Fraser fir. In a preliminary study, injury to the spruces in the form of dwarfed and chlorotic new growth was primarily associated with fresh pruning wounds. Accord plus surfactant and Roundup Pro injured more spruces than Roundup, but injury was slight. No injury was observed in upright yew with any formulation at rates up to 0.75 lb a.i./acre. Injury to arborvitae was greatest with Accord plus surfactant, intermediate with Roundup Pro, and least with Roundup. Results are inconclusive at this time, but the results of additional studies available early in the next growing season.will be presented.

scholarly journals Controlling Growth of Tabletop Christmas Trees with Plant Growth Retardants

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-532
Author(s):  
M.W. Duck ◽  
B.M. Cregg ◽  
R.T. Fernandez ◽  
R.D. Heins ◽  
F.F. Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Black Hills ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Plant Growth Retardants ◽  
Noble Fir ◽  
Serbian Spruce ◽  
Port Orford Cedar

Tabletop Christmas tree growers whose greenhouse-grown conifers have undesirable shoot growth may alleviate this problem by applying plant growth retardants (PGRs). Some of the most common PGRs in the horticulture industry were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in controlling plant height: ancymidol at 100 μL·L-1 (ppm), daminozide at 5000 μL·L-1, paclobutrazol at 60 μL·L-1, chlormequat at 1500 μL·L-1, uniconazole at 15 μL·L-1, and ethephon at 500 μL·L-1 compared to a nontreated control. The following conifer species were used: colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens), black hills spruce (P. glauca var. densata), serbian spruce (P. omorika), noble fir (Abies procera), grand fir (A. grandis), fraser fir (A. fraseri), concolor fir (A. concolor), arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis), port orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), and douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Chlormequat was the only PGR that caused phytotoxicity and damage to the foliage was minimal. Noble fir, douglas-fir, colorado blue spruce, and arborvitae were unaffected by any PGR treatment. Daminozide reduced growth of port orford cedar and concolor fir; uniconazole reduced growth of black hills spruce and serbian spruce; paclobutrazol reduced growth of fraser fir; and ethephon reduced growth of grand fir.

scholarly journals The Impact of Environment and Nursery on Survival and Early Growth of Douglas-fir, Noble Fir, and White Pine--A Case Study

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Randall ◽  
G. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Abies Procera ◽  
Noble Fir ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Survival and third-year height were examined on 2,383 reforestation units from 1983 to 1994 to determine which factors impact reforestation success. Survival of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) varied by as much as 20% from year to year. The most significant factor affecting reforestation success was the nursery that provided the seedlings. Nursery impacted both survival and height of Douglas-fir and impacted height for noble fir (Abies procera) and white pine (Pinus monticola). No nursery was best for all species. Other factors that were important for all three species were the administrative unit where the seedlings were planted, initial plant height, aspect, and length of storage prior to planting. Other significant factors that were important for Douglas-fir were seed origin, planting month, protection, stock type, and aspect. For noble fir, other important factors were planting month and stock type; for white pine, the other important factor was slope. Elevation of the seed source and the planting unit affected Douglas-fir survival and height but did not affect the other two species. This supports the smaller elevational bands for Douglas-fir compared with noble fir and white pine. West. J. Appl. For. 13(4):137-143.

Withdrawal resistance of structural self-tapping screws parallel-to-grain in common Canadian timber species

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 952-962
Author(s):  
Manoah Philippe Gutknecht ◽  
Colin MacDougall
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Embedment Length

An experimental investigation of the withdrawal resistance of self-tapping screws (STS) inserted parallel-to-grain in Douglas fir and eastern white pine, dry (7% – 6% MC) and wet (28% MC), is conducted. Withdrawal tests with 10 mm screws showed that at an embedment length of 240 mm in dry Douglas fir, 280 mm in wet Douglas fir, and 320 mm in dry eastern white pine, the screws consistently failed by yielding in tension. Withdrawal tests of 12 mm screws and a constant embedment length of 280 mm showed that a longer embedment length is needed compared to the 10 mm screws to ensure tensile screw failure consistently occurs. For both the 10 mm and 12 mm screws, the withdrawal resistance was lower for the wet wood as compared to dry. The CSA O86 equation for lag screws significantly under-predicts the withdrawal resistance of STSs inserted parallel-to-grain.

Cylindrocarpon and Fusarium root colonization of Douglas-fir seedlings from British Columbia reforestation sites

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1198-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige E Axelrood ◽  
William K Chapman ◽  
Keith A Seifert ◽  
David B Trotter ◽  
Gwen Shrimpton
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Cylindrocarpon Destructans

Poor performance of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations established in 1987 has occurred in southwestern British Columbia. Affected sites were planted with 1-year-old container stock that exhibited some root dieback in the nursery. A study was initiated in 1991 to assess Cylindrocarpon and Fusarium root infection in planted and naturally regenerating (natural) Douglas-fir seedlings from seven affected plantations. Percentages of seedlings harboring Cylindrocarpon spp.and percent root colonization were significantly greater for planted seedlings compared with natural seedlings. A significant linear trend in Cylindrocarpon root colonization was observed for planted seedlings with colonization levels being highest for roots closest to the remnants of the root plug and decreasing at distances greater than 10cm from that region. This trend in Cylindrocarpon colonization was not observed for natural seedlings. Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins.) Scholten var. destructans and C.cylindroides Wollenw. var. cylindroides were the only species isolated from planted and natural conifer seedlings. For most sites, percentage of seedlings harboring Fusarium spp.and percent Fusarium root colonization were less than for Cylindrocarpon. Recovery of Fusarium spp.from seedlings and root colonization levels were not significantly different for planted and natural seedlings from all sites.

scholarly journals Pre-logging Treatment of Invasive Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill.) Promotes Regeneration of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.)

Forests ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Lee ◽  
Stephen Eisenhaure ◽  
Ian Gaudreau
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Frangula Alnus ◽  
Glossy Buckthorn
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