Expérimentation sur la compétition interspécifique par élimination sélective d'espèces forestières

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bellefleur ◽  
Y. Pétillon
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Soil Temperatures

We conducted an experimental study of competition for water, heat, and space between woody species and herbaceous species by selective exclusion of a few species in a sugar maple stand. We found large differences in diameter and height increment for all three species under investigation: sugar maple, yellow birch, and beech. Large differences were also found in soil temperatures to a depth of 30 cm which were correlated with cover and growth increment. We concluded that there is indeed a severe competition between woody and herbaceous species for both heat and space.

Compétition pour le rayonnement solaire en début de succession secondaire dans une érablière à bouleau jaune et hêtre

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bellefleur ◽  
G. LaRocque
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature ◽  
Succession Secondaire ◽  
Rayonnement Solaire

We demonstrate that sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britton), and beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.) compete for solar radiation against other woody species (noncommercial) and herbaceous species, following clear-cutting. The experiment was carried out at the Duchesnay Forest Station (Quebec, Canada) in a sugar maple – yellow birch – beech community and consisted of one control and two treatments: (1) elimination of noncommercial woody species and (2) elimination of noncommercial woody species and herbaceous species. The graph of solar radiation interception versus cover indicates that crown overlapping does not contribute significantly to any increase in solar radiation interception. Surface soil temperature is strongly linked to the decrease in solar radiation due to its interception by plants.

Comparaison de la croissance d'espèces ligneuses en milieu ouvert et sous couvert forestier

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bellefleur ◽  
G. LaRocque
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Growth Increments

The objective of this paper is to compare growth increment between full sunlight conditions and moderately shaded conditions for seedlings of three species: sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britton), and beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.). Diameter and height increments were larger in full sunlight than under cover. Yellow birch has shown better growth increments than sugar maple and beech under both conditions. This suggests that shaded conditions are not as limiting for the establishment of yellow birch than for the other two species.

scholarly journals Effets de l'éclaircie précommerciale et de la fertilisation sur un gaulis de 10 ans à dominance de bouleau jaune

1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Robitaille ◽  
Gilles Sheedy ◽  
Yvon Richard
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Equal Radius

One yellow birch was selected every 4.5 metres in a sugar maple-yellow birch sapling stand, and released from competition by removing all stems whose crown extended into a column of equal radius (R) from the stump to the top of the tree. The experiment comprises three studies and includes four thinning intensities (R=0 m, R=0,5 m, R= 1,0 m, R= 1,5 m) and five fertilization treatments (three with N-P-K and two with N). Dbh, story and natural pruning data were taken on 2 258 yellow birches distributed in 48 sample plots; heights were measured on 10 per 100 of the trees.Five years later, the results of the three studies show that dbh growth increased with thinning intensity and tree dominance; for the heavy release (R15) the dbh increment is 3.9 cm for the dominants, 3.1 cm for the codominants and 2.6 cm for the intermediates. However, heavy release interferes temporarily with natural pruning.The presence of N and K increased in the foliage of yellow birch with fertilization but height increment was not affected and diameter increment was slightly higher with the moderate release (R10). Key words: Sapling, thinning, crop-tree release, fertilization, growth, natural pruning, Betula alleghaniensis (Britt.).

scholarly journals Évolution des forêts québécoises au regard des habitats fauniques : analyse des grandes tendances sur trois décennies

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Crête ◽  
Lothar Marzell
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Yellow Birch

As forest management intensified between the 1970s and the 1990s, we tested the prediction that three forest attributes, likely essential for some wildlife species, became rarer during this time interval: old (> 100 years) stands, dead wood and woody species diversity. We used a network of about 7000 permanent plots, surveyed at least three times, for determining trends followed by these variables during the last three decades of the 20th century. We stratified our analysis according to the six vegetation domains of the southern half of Québec where forest management occurs, i.e., from the sugar maple-bitternut to the spruce-moss domain. The proportion of old stands clearly diminished only in the western part of the sugar maple- and balsam fir-yellow birch domains. However, stands composed of old trees were already very scarce during the 1970s everywhere except in the spruce-moss domain where they could have increased in importance during the study period. Snags tended to become rarer only in the western part of sugar maple- and balsam fir-yellow birch domains whereas their abundance increased elsewhere, sometimes substantially, because of the spruce budworm epidemic that affected Québec between 1975 and 1990. Results suggest that tree diversity was impoverished in the two southernmost forest domains; the same tendency existed also for saplings, particularly because of intense browsing by white-tailed deer. In the boreal forest, the spruce budworm epidemic favoured sapling diversity during the 1980s and 1990s. Our analysis indicates that we must: 1) quickly exclude some typical old stands from forest management in all vegetation domains; 2) determine if some woody species became rarer in forest stands of southern Québec; 3) identify which elements of the forest fauna depend on old stands, rare tree species and senescent trees, and 4) continue to monitor the trend of dead wood present in Québec forests. Key words: conservation, forest, harvest, management, Québec, wildlife

Coupes par bandes dans des peuplements de feuillus—Résultats après 14 ans

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
The Future ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Mature Stands ◽  
Regeneration Study

Clearcutting of 20, 40 and 60 m wide strips was done in 1970 in Malakoff township, in the lower part of the Dumoine river watershed. A regeneration study took place in 1984.Analysis of results shows that the strips are well regenerated. The proportion of yellow birch grows with the width of the strips, that is, from 20 to60 m. To this effect strips of 60 m seem to be better for regenerating yellow birch but the future of this species seems to be better ensured in 40-m-wide strips.Yellow birch and sugar maple constitute the main part of the actual stands. If treatment is done and if observed trends persist, yellow birch should account for 21, 26 and 44% of the stems in mature stands of the 20-, 40- and 60-m strips respectively. With treatment, the presence of yellow birch could be increased to nearly 48%.

Exploring the Recruitment Dynamics of Sugar Maple and Yellow Birch Saplings into Merchantable Stems Following Harvesting in the Acadian Forest Region of New Brunswick, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Noel ◽  
Jules Comeau ◽  
Salah-Eddine El Adlouni ◽  
Gaetan Pelletier ◽  
Marie-Andrée Giroux
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence ◽  
Silvicultural Treatment ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acadian Forest

The recruitment of saplings in forest stands into merchantable stems is a very complex process, thus making it challenging to understand and predict. The recruitment dynamics in the Acadian Forest Region of New Brunswick are not well known or documented. Our objective was to draw an inference from existing large scale routine forest inventories as to the different dynamics behind the recruitment from the sapling layer into the commercial tree size layer in terms of density and occurrence of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) following harvesting, by looking at many factors on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales using models. Results suggest that the variation in density and probability of occurrence is best explained by the intensity of silvicultural treatment, by the merchantable stem density in each plot, and by the proportion of merchantable basal area of each group of species. The number of recruits of sugar maple and yellow birch stems tend be higher when time since last treatment increases, when mid to low levels of silvicultural treatment intensity were implemented, and within plots having intermediate levels of merchantable stem density. Lastly, our modeling efforts suggest that the probability of occurrence and density of recruitment of both species tend to increase while its share of merchantable basal area increases.

Sap yields, sugar content, and soluble carbohydrates of saps and syrups of some Canadian birch and maple species

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. C. Jones ◽  
I. Alli
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Maple Sap

During the spring of 1984 and 1985, white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh), sweet birch (B. lenta L), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britt.) were tapped to determine sap yields and syrup characteristics. These properties were compared with sap yields and syrup produced from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh) and red maple (A. rubrum L). The sap flow seasons were as follows: white birch, 23 days (April 7–29, 1984) and 29 days (April 5 – May 3, 1985); sweet birch, 26 days (1984); yellow birch, 25 days (1985). The sap flow season for the maple species was much earlier than the birch species. Maple sap flow seasons were as follows: sugar maple, 16 days (March 28 – April 12, 1984) and 45 days (March 10 – April 23, 1985); red maple, 44 days (March 11 – April 23, 1985). Sap yields were as follows: white birch, 80.5 L in 1984 (1.0% sap) 51.0 L in 1985 (1.0% sap); sweet birch, 48.0 L in 1984 (0.5% sap); yellow birch, 28.4 L in 1985 (0.5% sap); red maple, 30.6 L in 1985 (2.3% sap); sugar maple, 53.5 L in 1985 (4.5% sap). Sap analyses showed the average total carbohydrate content of all birch saps and all maple saps was 9.2 and 24.5 g/L, respectively. The average sugar contents of the syrups from the birch saps and the maple saps were 302 and 711 g/L, respectively. The average pH of birch and maple saps were similar but the average pH of the syrups obtained from the birch saps was substantially lower than that of the syrups obtained from the maple saps.

scholarly journals Tolerant hardwood natural regeneration 15 years after various silvicultural treatments on an industrial freehold of northwestern New Brunswick

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (04) ◽  
pp. 512-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Béland ◽  
Bruno Chicoine
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Selection Cutting

We examined applicability of various partial cutting systems in order to regenerate tolerant hardwood stands dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccarhum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) on northern New Brunswick J.D. Irving Ltd. freehold land. Sampling of 1065 one-m2 plots in 31 stands managed by selection cutting, shelterwood method and strip or patch cutting and in six control stands allowed a 15-year retrospective study of natural regeneration in stands of low residual densities and with minimal soil disturbance and no control of competing vegetation. Beech regeneration was most abundant in the patch cuts, yellow birch in shelterwood stands and sugar maple in the selection system areas. Results suggest that initial stand conditions influence the composition of the regeneration more than the prescribed treatment. At the stand scale (a few hectares), sugar maple recruitment was positively influenced by its proportion in the initial stand, and negatively by the cover of herbs and shrubs. Yellow birch regeneration was mainly affected by shrub competition. At the plot (1 m2) scale, mineral soil and decayed wood substrates and ground-level transmitted light were determinant factors for yellow birch regeneration. Beech-dominated stands were likely to regenerate to beech. A dense beech sucker understory was promoted in harvested patches. Areas with dense understory of American beech, shrubs, or herbs require site preparation to reduce interference either before or at the time of partial cutting. Shelterwood seed cutting and selection cutting should leave a residual of 12 m2/ha and 17 m2/ha respectively in seed trees uniformly distributed.

SUGAR PRODUCTION BY WHITE AND YELLOW BIRCHES

1944 ◽  
Vol 22c (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Invert Sugar ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Corn Syrup ◽  
Birch Trees

White and yellow birch trees produced an abundance of sap, but the yield of sugar was on the average only about one-third that of the sugar maple. Results indicate that yellow birch sap contains invert sugar with small amounts of sucrose, and that white birch sap contains a mixture of fructose and invert sugar. Syrups prepared from white and yellow birch saps by concentrating 100 times were similar in taste and appearance to commercial corn syrup.

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