scholarly journals Evaluation of Endogenous Phytocomponents and Amino Acids Associated with Direct Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1293-1308
Author(s):  
D. K. Isutsa ◽  
R. N. Mayoli ◽  
A. B. Nyende ◽  
C. M. Mweu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
The Status ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development ◽  
Set Up

Coffee is one of the most important crops cultivated in the world for use in beverages and confectionaries. Embryogenesis is a complex process that begins with a single cell and ends with the formation of mature embryos. Somatic embryo development involves accumulation of complex metabolites and storage reserves. This present experiment identified and quantified endogenous phytocomponents and amino acids present during somatic embryogenesis of ‘Ruiru 11’. Laboratory experiments for this study were set up in the Coffee Research Institute, Kenya at Ruiru. Third leaf pair explants were excised from 8-month-old greenhouse-grown mother plants sterilized and cultured in half strength Murashige and Skoog basal salts augmented with Thidiazuron. Once embryos had developed, the cultures were analysed for phytocomponents using GCMS and HPLC. The results showed that palmitoleic and stearic acids were highest (23.3 µg/g and 69.9 µg/g respectively) in brown embryogenic cultures. Cis 7,8 epoxy-2-methyl octadecane was highest (253 µg/g) in green embryogenic cultures. (Z)-3-Tetradecene was highest (25 µg/g) in brown non-embryogenic cultures. Z, Z-3,13- Octadecedien-1-ol and (Z)-7-Hexadecenal were highest (32.1 µg/g and 70.2 µg/g respectively) in green embryogenic cultures. Alanine content was highest (4.4 µg/g) in embryos of brown cultures. Amino acids, fatty acids and their derivatives are potential biomarkers for embryogenesis. Other phytocomponents should be identified and their role in coffee somatic embryogenesis determined. Further studies regarding the status of the phytocomponents identified in the present study, especially in particular stages of embryo development are needed to propose treatments to improve coffee somatic embryo development.

scholarly journals Relationships of Selected Endogenous Factors Associated with Direct Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1309-1338
Author(s):  
D. K. Isutsa ◽  
R. N. Mayoli ◽  
A. B. Nyende ◽  
C. M. Mweu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
The Status ◽  
Biochemical Components ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Endogenous Substances

Coffee is one of the most important cash crops produced in the world with great economic returns to growers and national gross domestic product. Somatic embryogenesis is a morphogenetic processes leading to plantlet regeneration and these processes are coupled with changes in the levels of primary metabolites. The present experiment established relationships of endogenous substances with direct somatic embryogenesis of coffee ‘Ruiru 11’. Laboratory experiments were set up at Coffee Research Institute, Ruiru-Kenya between 2014 and 2017. The set up was in a completely randomised design, replicated three times and repeated once. Third leaf pair explants were excised from 8-month-old greenhouse-grown mother plants and cultured in half strength Murashige and Skoog basal salts augmented with Thidiazuron. Once embryos had developed, the cultures were analysed for endogenous substances using HPLC and GCMS. Sucrose, phenolics, alkaloids, amino acids, fatty acids and their derivatives correlated positively, whereas fructose and glucose correlated negatively with the other biochemical components. Endogenous sucrose, chlorogenic acid, caffeine amino acid, fatty acids and their derivatives are potential biomarkers for coffee somatic embryogenesis, whereas endogenous fructose and glucose are inhibitors of the same. Further studies regarding the status of the biochemical components, especially in particular stages of embryo development should be conducted to establish treatments that can improve coffee direct somatic embryo development.

Somatic embryogenesis in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.): Control of somatic embryo development by nitrogen compounds

2004 ◽  
Vol 161 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunja Leljak-Levanić ◽  
Nataša Bauer ◽  
Snježana Mihaljević ◽  
Sibila Jelaska
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development

scholarly journals Evaluation of Endogenous Sugars, Chlorogenic Acid and Caffeine Associated with Direct Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1279-1292
Author(s):  
D. K. Isutsa ◽  
R. N. Mayoli ◽  
A. B. Nyende ◽  
C. M. Mweu
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
Biochemical Compounds ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Basal Salts ◽  
Coffea Arabica L

Coffee is one of the most important cash crops cultivated in the world with great economic importance. During the induction of somatic embryogenesis, there are different endogenous compounds involved in the success or failure of the somatic embryogenesis response and these compounds determine the specificity of cellular responses. This present experiment identified and quantified endogenous sugars, chlorogenic acid and caffeine present during somatic embryogenesis of ‘Ruiru 11’. Laboratory experiments were set up at Coffee Research Institute, Ruiru-Kenya between 2014 and 2016. Third leaf pair explants were excised from 8-monthold greenhouse-grown mother plants and cultured in half strength Murashige and Skoog basal salts augmented with Thidiazuron. Once embryos had developed, the cultures were analysed for endogenous sugars, caffeine and chlorogenic acid using HPLC. Generally, green embryogenic cultures contained more and higher quantities of the compounds. Glucose and fructose were highest (38.95 mg/g and 45.43 mg/g respectively) in leaf discs of brown non-embryogenic cultures. Sucrose was highest (62.15 mg/g) in embryos of green embryogenic cultures. Embryos of green embryogenic cultures had the highest chlorogenic acid (5.3 mg/g), whereas caffeine was highest (0.55 mg/g) in embryos of brown embryogenic cultures. Endogenous fructose and glucose inhibited embryogenesis, while sucrose, chlorogenic acids and caffeine promoted embryogenesis and are potential biomarkers for embryogenesis. Other biochemical compounds such as organic acids should be identified and their role in coffee somatic embryogenesis determined.

scholarly journals Effect of Explant Resource and Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Sweetpotato

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 568B-568a
Author(s):  
Lianghong Chen ◽  
Ajmer S. Bhagsari ◽  
Soon O. Park ◽  
Sarwan Dhir
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development

This study was carried out to optimize conditions for plant regeneration of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] using shoot tips, petioles, and leaves of Selection 75-96-1 as explants in Murashige and Skoog (MS) with several growth regulators at different levels. Callus initiation and callus proliferation media were 9.0 μm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 9.0 μm 2,4-D + 1.1 μm N6-benzyladenine (6-BA) in protocol I; 8.1 μm α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) + 1.2 μm kinetin (KIN) and 5.4 μm NAA + 4.6 μm KIN in protocol II; 0.9 μm 2,4-D, and 0.9 μm 2,4-D + 1.2 μm N-isopenylamino purine (2iP) in protocol III; NAA (8.1 μm) + KIN (1.2 μm) and 2,4-D (0.9 μm) + 2ip (1.2 μm) in protocol IV, respectively. In protocol I and II, shoot tip, petiole, and leaf were used, but only petiole and leaf in protocol III and IV. In the protocol I and II, somatic embryos were obtained only from shoot tip explants; in protocol III and IV, only from petioles. The frequencies of somatic embryo development were 33.3% in protocol I, 42.1% in protocol II, 21.2% in protocol III, and 10.3% in protocol IV, respectively. The leaf explants failed to produce somatic embryos in all the experiments. In protocol I, somatic embryogenesis occurred through the well-known sequence of globular-, heart-shaped-, torpedo-, and cotyledon-type embryos. However, in protocol II, the structures resembling plumule and radicle were observed before the emergence of torpedo/cotyledon type embryo clusters. The somatic embryogenesis in protocol III and IV was similar to that in protocol I. Growth regulators influenced somatic embryo development. Further, this study showed that explant resource and growth regulators affected the frequency of plant regeneration in sweetpotato.

Initiation of embryogenic cultures and somatic embryo development in loblolly pine (Pinustaeda)

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 810-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Becwar ◽  
R. Nagmani ◽  
S. R. Wann
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development

Immature zygotic embryo explants (isolated or with intact megagametophytes) from 10 loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) clones (7-34, 7-56, 11-9, 11-16, 11-25, 10-1003, 10-1007, 10-1011, 10-1018, and 10-1019) were surveyed for their potential to form embryogenic tissue from the suspensor region of zygotic embryos. After over 14 000 explants were cultured, embryogenic cultures were initiated from explants of 8 of the 10 clones; only explants from clones 11-25 and 10-1019 were not responsive. Embryogenic tissue was initiated from zygotic embryos with intact megagametophytes on MSG basal medium with no exogenous plant growth regulators or with 2–5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 0–1 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA). The highest initiation frequency (5%) was obtained from isolated zygotic embryos of clone 7-34 less than 0.5 mm in length just prior to cotyledon primordia development on DCR basal medium with 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BA. Two types of embryogenic cultures were maintained on medium with 2,4-D and BA: (i) those that contained pre-embryonal masses of cells interspersed with unaggregated suspensorlike cells, but which rarely contained well-formed somatic embryos, and (ii) those that frequently contained well-formed somatic embryos. Somatic embryo development from both types of cultures progressed to a precotyledonary stage on medium with 2.6 mg/L abscisic acid.

scholarly journals In vitro Regeneration of Clematis Plants in the Nikita Botanical Garden via Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Mitrofanova ◽  
Natalia Ivanova ◽  
Tatyana Kuzmina ◽  
Olga Mitrofanova ◽  
Natalya Zubkova
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryo Formation ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development

The effects of growth regulators, namely, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ), on the morphogenic capacity of 13 cultivars of clematis plants, in terms of their morphological structure formation, shoot regeneration, and somatic embryo development, are presented. The clematis cultivars ‘Alpinist,’ ‘Ay-Nor,’ ‘Bal Tsvetov,’ ‘Crimson Star,’ ‘Crystal Fountain,’ ‘Kosmicheskaya Melodiya,’ ‘Lesnaya Opera,’ ‘Madame Julia Correvon,’ ‘Nevesta,’ ‘Nikitsky Rosovyi,’ ‘Nikolay Rubtsov,’ ‘Serenada Kryma,’ and ‘Vechniy Zov’ were taken in collection plots of the Nikita Botanical Gardens for use in study. After explant sterilization with 70% ethanol (1 min), 0.3–0.4% Cl2 (15 min), and 1% thimerosal (10 min), 1-cm long segments with a single node were introduced to an in vitro culture. The explants were established on the basal MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.20–8.90 μM) and 0.049 μM NAA, or TDZ (3.0; 6.0, and 9.0 μM) with 30 g/L sucrose and 9 g/L agar. The medium with 0.89 μM BAP served as the control. Culture vessels and test tubes with the explants were maintained in plant growth chamber-controlled conditions: with a 16-h photoperiod, under cool-white light fluorescent lamps with a light intensity of 37.5 μmol m–2 s–1, at a temperature of 24 ± 1°C. Histological analysis demonstrated that adventitious bud and somatic embryo formation in studied clematis cultivars occurred at numerous areas of active meristematic cell zones. The main role of plant growth regulators and its concentrations were demonstrated. It was determined that maximum adventitious microshoot regeneration without any morphological abnormalities formed on the media supplemented with BAP or TDZ. 4.40 μM BAP, or 6.0 μM TDZ were optimal cytokinin concentrations for micropropagation. The explants of ‘Alpinist,’ ‘Ay-Nor,’ ‘Crimson Star,’ ‘Crystal Fountain,’ ‘Nevesta,’ and ‘Serenada Kryma’ cultivars displayed high morphogenetic capacity under in vitro culturing. During indirect somatic embryogenesis, light intensity 37.5 μmol m–2 s–1 stimulated a higher-number somatic embryo formation and a temperature of 26°C affected somatic embryo development. Active formation of primary and secondary somatic embryos was also demonstrated. 2.20 μM BAP with 0.09 μM IBA affected the high-number somatic embryo formation for eight cultivars. Secondary somatic embryogenesis by the same concentration of BAP was induced. The frequency of secondary somatic embryogenesis was higher in ‘Crystal Fountain’ (100%), ‘Crimson Star’ (100%), ‘Nevesta’ (97%), and ‘Ay-Nor’ (92%) cultivars. Based on these results, the methodology for direct somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis of studied clematis cultivars has been developed.

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