The role of fetal urinary excretion in the transfer of ethanol into amniotic fluid after maternal administration of ethanol to the near-term pregnant ewe

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1120-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Clarke ◽  
John Patrick ◽  
Mary E. Wlodek ◽  
Graeme N. Smith ◽  
Bryan Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Fetal Urine ◽  
Major Route ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
Maternal Administration

The objective of this study was to determine whether fetal urinary excretion is a major route of ethanol transfer into the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus following maternal administration of ethanol. Conscious instrumented pregnant ewes between 130 and 137 days' gestation (term, 147 days) with (n = 3) or without (n = 3) a catheter in the fetal bladder were administered 1 g ethanol/kg maternal body weight as a 1-h maternal intravenous infusion. Maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid samples were collected at selected times, and fetal urine was collected continuously from the bladder-cannulated fetus during the 14-h study for the determination of ethanol concentrations. Fetal urinary excretion of ethanol occurred, and the total amount of ethanol excreted represented 0.30 ± 0.07 (SD)% of the maternal ethanol dose. The renal clearance of ethanol by the fetus was 0.43 ± 0.06 mL/min. The pharmacokinetics of ethanol in the maternal–fetal unit and the amniotic fluid for the bladder-cannulated fetal preparation were similar to the data for the nonbladder-cannulated preparation. The data indicate that fetal urinary excretion of ethanol is a secondary route of ethanol transfer into the amniotic fluid. It would appear that diffusion of ethanol across membranes from the maternal and fetal circulations is a major route of ethanol transfer into this intrauterine compartment.

There is evidence that amniotic fluid arginine vasopressin is a marker for foetal stress in rhesus erythroblastosis

1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-270
Author(s):  
H. Stegner ◽  
K. Fischer ◽  
V. G. Pahnke ◽  
H.J. Kitschke ◽  
J. C. Commentz
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Spectral Absorption ◽  
Significant Change

Abstract. In response to different stress stimuli the foetal neurohypophysis releases arginine vasopressin (AVP). Part of the AVP is cleared from circulation by urinary excretion into the amniotic fluid (AF). Increased AF AVP levels may therefore indicate foetal stress, all the more because AF AVP solely is of foetal origin. We therefore studied AF AVP levels in 13 patients with rhesus erythroblastosis from 22 to 34 weeks of gestation. Twenty-eight patients from 14 to 34 weeks of gestation served as controls. The AVP levels were measured by RIA. Spectral absorption curves were performed and delta/E values determined at 450 nm. Mean AF AVP levels in controls were 2.39 pg/ml and were not normally distributed. There was no significant change in AF AVP levels with different gestational age. If in rhesus erythroblastosis patients the delta/E value was low (n = 7; × = 0.048 ± 0.007 se), the AF AVP values were not increased. If the delta/E values were within zone III (n = 6; × = 0.22 ± 0.035 se), indicating severe haemolysis, the AF AVP levels were significantly elevated (4.7 pg/ml ± 0.51 se; P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between delta/E and AF AVP values (P = 0.05; y = 1.94 ± 10.88 x). We conclude that there is evidence for the role of AF AVP as a marker for foetal stress in rhesus erythroblastosis.

Role of arginine vasopressin in fetal renal response to hypertonicity

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (1) ◽  
pp. F156-F163
Author(s):  
L. L. Woods ◽  
C. Y. Cheung ◽  
G. G. Power ◽  
R. A. Brace
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Fetal Blood ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Fetal Urine ◽  
Sustained Increase

We studied the effects of hyperosmolality on fetal renal function and the role of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in these responses. NaCl (9%) was injected intravenously into chronically catheterized ewes and their fetuses, followed by a continuous infusion of 9% NaCl into the ewes. The fetuses were either normal, infused with AVP, or infused with an AVP antagonist. In normal fetuses NaCl injection caused fetal and maternal blood osmolalities to be elevated by 10-15 mosmol/kg for 4 h with no change in fetal blood volume; fetal plasma AVP rose 42%. Fetal arterial pressures rose transiently by 2-10 mmHg. Fetal urine flow rose transiently by 73% after NaCl injection and then averaged 27% below control after 1 h, whereas fetal urine osmolality increased from 188 +/- 31 to 282 +/- 33 mosmol/kg. In a second group of fetuses AVP infusion alone caused fetal urine osmolality to increase by 123 +/- 39 mosmol/kg and urine flow to fall 31%, whereas in a third group the antagonist alone had no effect on urine flow or osmolality. After hypertonic injection into fetuses infused with AVP or the antagonist, the transient changes were similar to those in normal fetuses. However, the sustained increase in urine osmolality and decrease in flow after hypertonic injection were abolished in AVP-infused and antagonist-infused fetuses. Thus it appears that the transient changes in fetal renal function after hypertonic injection are not AVP-induced and may be due to transient increases in arterial pressure, whereas the prolonged changes in urine flow and osmolality appear to be mediated by increases in fetal plasma AVP levels.

55 Identification of microRNAs associated with sex determination in bovine amniotic fluid and maternal blood plasma

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Sánchez ◽  
I. Gómez-Redondo ◽  
J. A. Browne ◽  
B. Planells ◽  
A. Gutiérrez-Adán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Female Embryo ◽  
Male Embryo

In most eutherian mammals, sex determination is the process through which a bipotential gonad (also known as genital ridges) develops into a testis or ovary depending on the sex chromosome content of the embryo, specifically by the presence of the SRY/Sry gene (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are involved in diverse functional roles including development, differentiation, apoptosis, and immunity. We hypothesised that the expression of miRNAs in amniotic fluid (AF) and maternal blood plasma (MP) would be affected by the sex of the embryo around the time of sex determination. Amniotic fluid and MP were collected from 6 crossbred beef pregnant heifers (3 carrying a single male and 3 carrying a single female embryo) following slaughter on Day 39 (when the peak of SRY expression occurs in cattle). All heifers had been synchronized and inseminated with semen from the same beef bull. A total of 12 samples (6 AF and 6 MP) were profiled using the miRCURY LNA miRNA Serum/Plasma Focus PCR Panel (Qiagen; 179 assays targeting relevant miRNAs). Data were analysed by GeneGlobe Data Analysis Center (Qiagen). A threshold cycle cut-off of 35 was applied and data were analysed using an unpaired t-test. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed using the WebGestaltR package to explore the possible functions of differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs. In this study, DE miRNAs were identified in male vs. female AF (n=5; 3 upregulated and 2 downregulated; P<0.05) and MP (n=57; 54 upregulated and 3 downregulated; P<0.05). Although no enrichment was detected for DE miRNAs in AF (in either sex) or in MP in heifers carrying a female embryo, 37 biological processes were enriched by DE miRNAs in MP of heifers carrying a male embryo (false discovery rate<0.05). Interestingly, the top five most enriched biological processes were male gonad development, development of primary male sexual characteristics, signal transduction in absence of ligand, actomyosin structure organisation, and male sex differentiation, suggesting a potential role of these miRNAs in reproductive traits. Results from this study highlight unique aspects of sex determination in cattle such as the role of miRNAs in gonad development. Moreover, although it is well known that AF provides a protective space around the developing embryo/fetus that allows its movement and growth; here we provide evidence suggesting that its components may play important roles in fetal development. Finally, miRNAs in MP may offer new opportunities to investigate biomarkers for early prediction of embryo/fetal sex in commercial practice. This research was supported by the Science Foundation Ireland (13/IA/1983) and the European Union H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network project Biology and Technology of Reproductive Health - REP-BIOTECH - 675526.

Role of chemical and cytologic analysis of amniotic fluid in determination of fetal maturity

1969 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. White ◽  
Daryl E. Doorenbos ◽  
James T. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Fetal Maturity ◽  
Cytologic Analysis

Levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 increase rapidly in amniotic fluid from 1 1 to 16 weeks of pregnancy

1993 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. R1-R4 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.C. Wathen ◽  
S. Egembah ◽  
D.J. Campbell ◽  
A. Farkas ◽  
T. Chard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Factor Binding ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Igf Binding Protein

ABSTRACT Concentrations of IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) were measured by radioimmunassay in 176 amniotic fluid samples from 9 to 20 and 36 to 42 weeks of pregnancy. Low levels of IGFBP-1 were present at 9 and 10 weeks (median values 35.0 and 45.0 μg/l respectively). After 10 weeks, the levels increased by four orders of magnitude to reach a peak at 16 weeks (median 145.2 mg/l). After 16 weeks levels fell. Near term, the levels (median 27.1 mg/l) were lower than in the second trimester. The rapid increase in IGFBP-1 shown by radioimmunoassay was confirmed by Western ligand blotting. The findings suggest that the regulatory role of IGFBP-1 in the growth or differentiation of the fetus or of its surrounding membranes may change as pregnancy advances.

scholarly journals Central neuropeptide Y stimulates ingestive behavior and increases urine output in the ovine fetus

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (3) ◽  
pp. E494-E500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd J. Roberts ◽  
Anne Caston-Balderrama ◽  
Mark J. Nijland ◽  
Michael G. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Fetal Urine ◽  
Ovine Fetus ◽  
Near Term ◽  
In Utero Development

We hypothesized that central neuropeptide Y (NPY) increases swallowing activity and alters renal function in the near-term ovine fetus. Six ewes with singleton fetuses (130 ± 2 days of gestation; 148 days = term) were chronically prepared with arterial and venous catheters, a fetal lateral cerebroventricular cannula, and fetal bladder and amniotic fluid catheters. For determination of fetal swallowing, electromyogram wires were placed in the fetal thyrohyoid muscle and the upper and lower nuchal esophagus. Electrodes were implanted on the parietal dura for determination of fetal electrocorticogram (ECoG). After 5 days of recovery, fetal swallowing, ECoG, blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored during a 3-h basal period. At t = 3 h, ovine NPY (0.05 mg/kg) was administered into the lateral ventricle, and fetuses were monitored for an additional 8 h. A control study of central administration of artificial cerebral spinal fluid was performed on an alternate day. Central NPY significantly increased swallowing activity during low-voltage ECoG from basal activity (1.26 ± 0.15 swallows/min) at 4 h (1.93 ± 0.37 swallows/min), 6 h (1.69 ± 0.27 swallows/min), and 8 h (2.38 ± 0.31 swallows/min). NPY significantly increased fetal urine flow (basal: 0.13 ± 0.02; 4 h: 0.21 ± 0.04; 6 h: 0.19 ± 0.03 ml·kg−1·min−1). These results demonstrate that central NPY stimulates fetal swallowing activity and increases urine output, which may contribute to the in utero development of ingestive behavior.

Differential pharmacokinetics for oral and intraperitoneal administration of ethanol to the pregnant guinea pig

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Clarke ◽  
N. A. E. Steenaart ◽  
T. H. Breedon ◽  
J. F. Brien
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Ethanol Administration ◽  
Fetal Alcohol ◽  
Peritoneal Space ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Maternal Administration

The disposition of ethanol was studied in third-trimester pregnant guinea pigs (56–59 days gestational age) following maternal administration of ethanol, 0.5 g/kg total body weight, by oral intubation and by intraperitoneal injection. For oral administration, exposure of the fetus to ethanol involved bidirectional placental transfer of ethanol between the maternal and fetal compartments. For ip administration, there was distribution of ethanol from the peritoneal space across the uterus and chorioamniotic membranes into the amniotic fluid in addition to absorption into the maternal blood circulation and subsequent placental transfer into the fetus. This resulted in exposure of the fetus to very high ethanol concentration in the amniotic fluid immediately following ethanol administration. The data indicate that the ip route of ethanol administration does not mimic ingestion of ethanol and should be avoided in future studies of the fetal alcohol syndrome in rodent animal models.

Disposition of ethanol and acetaldehyde in maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid of near-term pregnant rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Hayashi ◽  
Yasuie Shimazaki ◽  
Shinichi Kamata ◽  
Norihide Kakiichi ◽  
Masashi Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Fetal Blood ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Near Term

Fate of labeled albumin and erythrocytes following injection into amniotic cavity of sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (4) ◽  
pp. R781-R786 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tomoda ◽  
R. A. Brace ◽  
L. D. Longo
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Amniotic Cavity ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Fetal Urine ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Near Term ◽  
51Cr Activity

We have previously described a method to measure the amniotic fluid (AF) volume and fetal swallowing rate in near-term sheep by use of 125I-labeled albumin (RISA) and 51Cr-labeled red blood cells (51Cr-RBC). However, when we measured these volumes on consecutive days, reentry of the radionuclides into the amniotic cavity from fetal urine affected the calculated values of AF volume and swallowing rates. In an attempt to clarify the recirculation problem, we injected RISA and Cr-RBC daily for 9 days into the AF of five chronically catheterized pregnant sheep (124 days gestation on the 1st experimental day). We calculated AF volume and fetal swallowing rate, comparing those values to the values corrected for fetal urine isotopic counts. The mean AF volume and fetal swallowing rate measured by RISA were 808 +/- 48 ml (mean +/- SE) and 559 +/- 29 ml/day, respectively. These values were only slightly different from the corrected volumes, 808 +/- 48 ml and 561 +/- 29 ml/day, respectively, because fetal urine 125I activity reached only 4.8% of AF activity even on the 9th day. In contrast, 51Cr-activity in fetal urine on the 9th day showed 47% of the activity of AF. The mean uncorrected AF volume (785 +/- 44 ml) and swallowing rate (561 +/- 31 ml/day) measured by Cr-RBC were different from the corrected values (790 ml and 570 ml/day, respectively). After the 4th day these differences were particularly conspicuous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Expression and potential biological role of α(1,2)fucosylated glycotopes on amniotic and seminal fibronectins

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Kątnik-Prastowska ◽  
Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Biological Role ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Infertile Men

The present paper describes concisely the expression and role of α(1,2)-linked fucose on some glycoconjugates as well as the detection, distribution and potential role of that glycotope on human soluble plasma and cellular fibronectins in addition to the expression on both normal and pathological amniotic fluid and seminal plasma fibronectins. The determination of α(1,2)fucosylated glycans is considered with respect to its usefulness as a potential clinically applicable biomarker in obstetrics to monitor pregnancy and in andrology to evaluate the ejaculate of infertile men and in vitro fertilization.

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